Saturday, October 5, 2019
Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Case study - Essay Example A higher level to the previous or a higher level as compared to the competitor indicates that the business is prospering. year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 unit car sales expected 80 120 150 180 190 The profitability of the company: the organization has an anticipated annual change of 1.02. This shows that the organization is on the positive trend in profit making. The profits can only increase if the company focuses more in cost reduction than in production. Breakeven levels Unit break-even for the year 2012 Average Annual Fixed Cost/ (Average Per Unit Sales Price - Average Per Unit Variable Cost) Fixed costs= (direct labor +supervision + office staff+ managerial) 550,033 =33+130,000+120,000 + 300,000 Variable costs = production overheads + production person-hours + sales overheads + other office overheads 100,900 = 50,000 + 900 + 18,000 + 32,000 Therefore: average annual fixed costs = 550,033/ 12= 45836.08 Average per unit sales = 75000/80= 937.5 Average per unit variable cost = total variable cost / number of units/12 =100900/80/12= 105.10 Break even = 45836.08/ (937.50-105.10) = 55 units Sales break even for the year 2012 Annual Fixed Cost/1 - (Average Per Unit Variable Cost ? Average Per Unit Sales Price) =550033/ 1- (105.10/937.5) =550033/1-0.1121 =550033/0.8879 =619476.29 ? Sensitivity of the figures to the key estimates The estimated figures show a positive increase in both the expenses and incomes. For example on the sales estimates there is a gradual increase in the number of units to be sold annually. This is not reflected in the other expenses. For example it is assumed that the variable costs are not changing with the increase in sales. Other factors not considered include market trends, additional investments, depreciation of the cars. Too the interests on the borrowed capital are assumed that they will remain unchanged for the due period. There should be a provision for such changes as the global economy is fluctuating. Also there are provisions for bad debts. Everything is assumed to a clear cut transaction. Recommendations The company therein is sales oriented. It projects a sharp increase in sales without putting into focus the other internal and external factors. The company therefore change this trend and focus on both production and cost reduction. References Cooperative extension, (n.d), Agr-business management, viewed April 21, 2012,
Friday, October 4, 2019
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Assignment Research Paper
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Assignment - Research Paper Example Concrete and productive strategies are therefore necessary to compact the crime related complications. Crime Prevention Approaches To achieve the entire goal of crime prevention in any society, all stakeholders should be exclusively involved. Policy makers, community members, developers and law enforcers have to work collectively in the battle against criminal activities. Traditionally, crime prevention was the obligation of the police officers and the judicially. Community members and other community key players were not involved. With the modern technology and complexity of criminal activities in the society, the contribution of all informers in society is paramount. Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) has incorporated all stakeholders in addressing criminal activities in the society. According to Crime prevention through environmental design strategy, profound designs and inclusive use of the general environment reduces tremendously the level of criminal activiti es in the society. The strategy works directly and indirectly in fettering notorious criminal activities in a society. CPTED encourages business people, neighbors and community organizations to combine their effort in preventing crime. The guiding principle in crime prevention through environmental design is time to time community consultation (Crowe 209). The constituents of CPTED are divided into two generations, the first generation and the second generation. The first generation entails components of physical designs. In this case physical designs include territoriality, natural surveillance, access control and image. The second generation is composed of social variables of the neighborhoods. Thunder Bay is one of the biggest cities in northern Ontario Canada. The city is mostly occupied by miners. There are very many idlers in the city due to job scarcity (Zimmerman 200). The city accommodates one of the most attractive tourist sceneries in Canada. The city is known for its hig h level of criminal activities. Crime is very rampant in Thunder Bay city. The most apparent criminal activities in Thunder Bay city include, rape, and drug trafficking, murder, prostitution, and theft (Zimmerman 200). The security agencies have tried to reduce this criminal activities but their effort is futile. The criminal activities in the city have discouraged tourist in the area. The crimes activities have also developed fear among the city residents. With proper utilization of the crime prevention through environment design principles, criminal activities in the country can be a thing of the past (Zimmerman 200). There is dire need for intensive inclusion of the available resources in the fight against criminal activities. Proper integration of the crime prevention through environmental design principles by the city planners, community, home owners, and developers is the only apparent solution to criminal activities in Thunder Bay city. There most relevant CPTED principles in the city includes The Natural Surveillance Principle The principle is based on the notion that, criminals do not wish to be observed when doing their criminal activities (Jeffrey 140). The legitimate users of the city or any residential place are expected to be in touch with what is happening on the street. Through this principle suspicious visitors are easily identified .The basic aim of the natural surveillance is to eliminate all the obstacles in the streets, providing adequate lights in
Thursday, October 3, 2019
Day Dreaming Essay Example for Free
Day Dreaming Essay I have always dreamed of the perfect vacation, the perfect place to go. As I have just returned from that very location, I am excited to share the experience with everyone. I am sure that you, too, will want to visit this place where only your wildest dreams could compare. While shopping at a local grocery store I noticed an entry box for a free, all expenses paid getaway. I have always wanted a dream vacation, but without finding the time and the extra money, that was exactly what it would always be, a dream. The entry form said it was a getaway, not a vacation. So what was the difference? As I read the small print on the entry form I expected to find the catch that most of these offers have. I was surprised to find no catch. No salesman would call. No mass marketing e-mails would invade my e-mail box. The entry form simply stated that the winner would receive an all-expenses paid getaway. I entered the drawing with thoughts of getting away from the daily grind. As I left the store with my few bags of groceries, I found myself wondering where this getaway was. The entry never said anything about the location. If I were to win, I hoped that it would be someplace warm. I let my thoughts run wild as I made the drive home. I was amazed at how good I felt just thinking about the perfect vacation. All too soon my thoughts returned to real life and what was. During the next month, after what seemed like the longest day ever, I arrived home to find a letter in the mailbox stating that I had won the all-expenses-paid getaway. My family has always called me lucky, but I have never been this lucky. There had to be a catch. As I sat down to read the letter I felt just absolutely exhausted. I reclined on the sofa and continued reading the award letter. Before I knew it I had dozed off. A short time later I find myself driving to the airport. I was ushered to a very large private Leer Jet. I was stopped in my tracks the moment I stepped through the entrance to the aircraft. I was amazed at the comfort level of the interior. The seats were overstuffed, soft, tan leather. There were perfectly placed tables and couches. The excitement of a real getaway was truly setting in. Strange as it was, I was not worried about the destination. The letter said to pack a small bag of only the bare necessities, so I packed two large pieces of luggage with everything I could think of that I might need on this getaway. I was greeted by a very lovely lady, and as she showed me to my seat for the flight, I was told that once we were airborne that I could feel free to wander about the jet. As I sat in the overstuffed seat I felt my body relax. My mind slowly let go of all thoughts of my daily life and stresses. Take off was barely perceptible. I glanced out of what seemed to be a large window for an aircraft and watched the world I knew slowly disappear into the distance. I relaxed and closed my eyes. As the jet drifted off into the blue sky, I too drifted off. I cannot tell you how long we were in flight; as if in a dream I realized that we had landed. The landing strip was a beautiful field of grass. The outer edge of the landing strip was lined with the most beautiful green trees I had ever seen. As I reached the exit door of the jet, I saw only beauty. I didn’t know where I was, but I really didn’t care at that point. There was a golf cart waiting for me at the bottom of the stairs. The driver was a very handsome young man. After a brief introduction he drove me to a very inviting bungalow and told me that this was where I would be staying during my visit. The bungalow had a well-appointed, covered, raised front deck area before the entrance. The view was more than I had ever hoped for. The oversized bungalow was everything I had ever dreamed of; the furnishings were made to order from my very own wish list. The colors of the decor were inviting yet calming. Not a wish or expectation had been left out. The rooms were much larger than I thought they would be. My luggage had already been delivered and as I began to put things in the closet and drawers, I found that my every need had already been provided for. There were clothes in the closet that were just my size and I could clearly see that they were made for a location just as this. I could not remember a time that I had felt so comfortable and relaxed. On the desk I found a brochure explaining that anything I could ever want to do, experience, purchase or eat was only a thought away. I decided to sit on the front deck and just take it all in. On the table outside next to a lovely chaise lounge was a bottle of my favorite beverage. I smiled as I sat and sipped the cool drink. I hadn’t eaten all day and thoughts of what I would like to eat became clear. Just then a golf cart rolled up to the bungalow and a silver dinning tray was delivered to the outside table. The young waiter said nothing and left. The meal was exquisite. Never before had I tasted food so flavorful. Here I was on vacation and so satisfied to stay right here, relaxed. No sooner than I began to anticipate the sunset, it began. The sunset was anything but short lived. The colors were radiant. The entire scene, with all the colors, the mountains in the distance, the trees, all seemed to soak into my soul. It was just absolutely breathtaking. I really did not want to call it a day, but the thoughts of a limitless tomorrow made it easy to retire to the exquisite bedroom of the bungalow and stretch out on the luxurious bed. I dosed off to sleep with the sound of a gentle breeze through the trees and the distant sound of small waves lapping against a beach. The next morning as I stared into the mirror, after my glorious shower, I found that my own reflection seemed much younger. I felt so alive and reenergize! I decided to visit the small town, not too far from the Bungalow, that the brochure said would be a delight. As I entered the colorful little community, I noticed several small store fronts and shops that offered for sale anything a person could want. As I made my first purchase, I was very surprised when the sales person refused my cash I tried to hand him. The sales person, seeing my shock, informed me that cash was only a temporary illusion as were all tangible treasures that most people cling to. Furthermore, I was informed that I would find, in my wallet, just enough cash to purchase anything I may want, however, I would not need it. As I continued to visit the remaining shops, I was delighted each time I wanted to make a purchase, to find just enough cash in my wallet, but the cashiers would not accept any of it. The next several days brought a joyous time of swimming in the warm crystal blue waters of a secluded lake that was like a lagoon off the coast of Australia, sunning on a sensational beach, and hiking some of the most profound and beautiful mountains I have ever had the pleasure to see. The food had more than met my every expectation. Sleep had never been so satisfying. Every morning I was awakened by a delightful, brilliant sunrise and every evening was blissfully serene. I knew that all too soon my short getaway would have to come to an end. I chose to spend the last day of this wonderful vacation on the glorious beach I had visited several times. I swam freely in the warm water and snorkeled the coral reef where I was met with a burst of colorful coral and stunning little fish. Feeling somewhat exhausted for the first time during my stay, I decided to relax on the soft white sand and soon fell asleep. Somewhere in that sweet spot just before wakefulness, I felt something crawling on my foot and there was a phone ringing and the obnoxious noise of traffic. It surely must be a dream right? The thing rawling on my foot brought me to full consciousness. In a flash my dream vacation was over. I awoke to find myself still reclined on the sofa, letter in hand, telling me that my dream vacation was just that, only a dream, and out of the corner of my eye, crawling across the floor, I see the spider that brought my dream vacation to an end. You may be wondering how difficult it was to return to the reality of daily life. I must tell you that it was not all that hard because I know that I or anyone can return to this refreshing location in a matter of moments. You need only let your mind drift to where it really wants to be. Daydreaming is easy and has also been touted as good for you. A deep daydream can easily turn into a dream. An article from QualityHealth. com states that recent research conducted at the University of British Columbia in Canada reveals that not only is daydreaming extremely common (experts say we spend one-third of our lives doing it), but its actually healthy. It turns out that when we let our minds wander, numerous areas of the brain are activated, more than were previously thought. And were not even aware were doing it. In this study, scientists placed subjects inside a special scanner and had them perform a routine task. Their attentiveness was gauged using brain scans, their performance on the task, and reports by subjects themselves. Not only did the parts of the subjects brains responsible for easy mental tasks activate, but so did the so-called executive network responsible for processing more complicated thoughts and problems. What does this mean? When you put aside that tough essay after working on it for several hours in order to sit on your porch and stare at the flowers, it doesnt mean youre lazy. It means your brain is smart enough to recognize that switching to a more mundane activity allows complex thought to take place. By letting your mind wander, youre allowing it to hit on the solutions to problems that may have eluded you before. In fact, many creative people claim that they get their best ideas while doing something routine, such as taking a shower or going for a run. And some of the smartest kids in school may spend part of their classroom time doodling or staring out the window. Teachers or bosses may not approve of your daydreaming, but it is generally a healthy thing. Of course, if daydreaming takes up so much of your time that youre having trouble getting even basic chores completed, you probably should learn to focus a little more. Otherwise, dont worry about those mental time-outs that reenergize and refresh you for the tasks at hand. So, as you can see, you can go anywhere you want, do anything you want, see anything you want, touch, feel, or taste anything you can dream up. This can be done in a matter of minutes or if you have the time, you can spend hours at any location of your choice, in a daydream.
Design Strategy of Obamas Campaign
Design Strategy of Obamas Campaign Introduction To what extent did the design strategy of Obamas campaign contribute to his mass popularity and victory in 2008 followed by a radial shift in public opinion by the end of 2010? Research methods Interview the creative director of the campaign to gain a concise overview of what was required of the design team. Find out any specific communication strategies that might have been imposed on them and explore the reasons behind their design choices (colors, fonts, use of imagery, layouts etc). Investigate if any strategic marketing techniques were used to promote Obama the same way a mass consumption product would be sold. Research all journals, dissertations and articles relating to the topic of political campaign strategies, design strategies, and communication techniques. Search news articles for pundit reviews and opinions of campaign success and current backlash. Conduct a thorough analysis of the Designing Obama book that contains the entire design strategy used by Scott Thomas. Limitations of study Due to the fact that this is a very recent event the amount of detailed and concise publications based on the topic are scarce. The bulk of the research will have to rely on Internet sources of news articles, pundit blogs and a search for relevant dissertations published by the academic community. Organization of the dissertation To what extent did the design strategy of Obamas campaign contribute to his mass popularity and victory in 2008 followed by a radial shift in public opinion by the end of 2010? Answered via the following arguments: Social landscape of America conducive to political advertising Cult of personality formation via harnessing of mass media Misleading and subliminal influence of design Expectations of the public too high from ambiguous and contradictory communication Main Body Setting the scene America in 2008 was not the beacon of hope it had once been. There was rising unemployment and a financial crisis that had brought the countrys economy crashing down. Poverty was increasing rapidly and people were loosing homes due to foreclosures. The country was massively unhappy that America was still participating in the Afghanistan conflict and to top it all, there had been 8 years under the Bush administration that had seen its lowest approval ratings of all time (below 40%). Running parallel to this was an America that had become so utterly saturated by marketing that this was one of the only facets of communication people would respond to (research to prove this?). Describe the average american experience? (how often they see ads, how well they respond). The huge obsession with celebrity culture in combination with the growing global social networks had made it too easy to give rise to a cult of personality. America was begging for change at this point, which left them susceptible to intelligent marketing and design strategies. It was against this backdrop that in the run up to the 2008 Presidential Election support and enthusiasm for Obama was increasing at a dramatic rate culminating in a frenzy by the time of his victory and inauguration in January 2009. Building trust through consistent design From the very beginning of the campaign the design team knew they would have to subdue the public perception of Obamas inexperience via his visual presentation. The strategy used was to implement the timelesshes already president feel (vimeo) into his brand image. The use of consistency was vital as one thing that design can solve with consistency is [to] establisha sense of balanceit can also reallygive the visual impression that hes incredibly experienced. (vimeo). fig1. Expert use of consistency in the visual communication makes Obama seem organized, experienced and competent. Thomas (2010, p. 78) Because of their evocative power, design and branding elements can create a stable bond between voters and the candidatewe wanted to elicit the feeling that he was a familiar figure whose attributes and values they could relate to and trust. Talk about logo, consistent branding, Thomas (2010) You can use good design and to a certain degree it blurs the lines a bit. Another strategy to distract from Obamas inexperience was to emphasize how historic the campaign was. Rather than simply stating this in the communication the entire aesthetic was designed around old archival materials. We wanted to pull from imagery of the past to communicate the historic nature of the campaign (vimeo). fig2. Certain information was designed using real historical documents found in local archives for an authentic vintage feel. This strategy not only highlighted the importance of the campaign but also using imagery that resembled historical documents, like the original declaration of independence, elicited a sense of patriotism and American sentiment, which could have a strong subliminal effect. Obamas cult of personality A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media, propaganda, or other methods, to create an idealized and heroic public image (Wikipedia, 2008). By the end of Obamas campaign it was clear that this was beginning to become reality. Imagery of Obama appeared in galleries, on billboards and around the city as street art or graffiti, the vast majority of it in full support of him. In addition there were huge varieties of Obama merchandise being sold by independent street vendors all over the country. Social networks were buzzing with his name, independent bloggers were watching his every move and grassroots events, using the same Obama visual design for flyers and posters, were happening on a daily basis. Even though the visual tapestry of Obama that had been weaved across the country was a collaborative effort from hundreds of individual contributors outside the reach of brand control, it still maintained high levels of visual consistency. This was due to the highly effi cient and transparent branding principles that required only the use of the Obama logo and typeface to make any visual production appear part of the overall marketing strategy. To a rock solid and seasoned democratic or republican supporter the choice of political candidate would still have been easy. But for a younger or less convicted voter with no solid viewpoint (research suggests there are more and more of these people) they could be susceptible to communication based on persuasion in which voters, lacking enduring political convictions, are induced to support a particular candidate or party at election time. (Swanson, 2004). This would be particularly effective given the cult of personality bestowed upon Obama by the media coverage of him and from his rock star status fuelled by regular endorsements from celebrities and musicians. fig3. Obama featured in a music video by the black eyed peas that turned his slogan into an anthem It is possible that due to this Obama frenzy it had become fashionable to be an Obama supporter and the thought of not voting for a candidate that was fresh, young, creative, energetic, and whose very ideals were adorning the city, seemed worthy of ridicule. Cause youll be real embarrassed if he won and you wasnt down with it. (Chris Rock) Leverage of technology to increase reach Vote for Obama making the voting process easy should in practice enable all the people with clear convictions to vote for the candidate they know they want. In reality it allows undecided voters to choose a candidate they may not really believe in but vote anyway via peer pressure, cult of personality, ease of use wht not? This results in inaccurate assumptions of public opinion being drawn from the poll. Transparency of brand all brand assets available for download so anyone can create visuals that resemble the official Obama brand material. This creates a sense of solidarity with the brand. And the subsequent result is an impression that the brand is literally everywhere as the entire grassroots movement is branded and appears to be part of the overall design strategy. Boundary destruction versatility of the logo allows it to be tailored to any group who want to be associated with Obama or simply show their support. The broken boundaries create a sense of solidarity and add to the impression of world wide brand saturation. A False Revolution In order to allow the global community of artists to contribute, the campaign team initiated the Artists For Obama poster series. According to Thomas (2010, p. 127) [the] idea was to invite artists to participate in the creation of a new kind of campaign poster, one that would be the expression of the individual artist rather than a reiteration of campaign materials. The first contribution to this initiative was a poster by Shepard Fairey and to many, his invitation seemed counter intuitive. He is a well-known street artist who has built his fame on defacing public buildings and creating work with huge anti-establishment connotations. His campaign poster has been deemed the most iconic image of Obama ever created, yet its unclear if the visual of Obama above the word HOPE was intended to be ironic. fig4. A contrast between Shepard Faireys previous anti-establishment aesthetic and the Obama poster. To most people this poster symbolized the revolution that was coming but considering the lost enthusiasm following Obamas presidency the question is if this powerful image created a false anticipation of revolution in the minds of the American people. Thomas (2010) Ive kind of heard that tone, whereShepard Faireys posterhad this very anti-establishment aesthetic that could have played into the minds of those that thought this was going to be a revolutionchanging Washington DC from the inside out. Since the Obama frenzy has subsided it is clear that the revolution people were hoping for hasnt happened. In an interview with the National Journal, Shepard Fairey commented on his plan to contribute work to help Obama in 2012 but stated he couldnt design the same Hope poster today, because the spirit of the Obama campaign hasnt carried over to the Obama presidency. (Madhani, 2010). Misleading and subliminal imagery In June 2008 the Obama design team created a seal to be displayed on his lectern that very closely resembled the Presidential seal. This caused controversy in the media and when Steven Heller ask Scott Thomas to name the most heated design battle of the campaign Thomas brought up the infamous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“presidential seal debacle (Kessler, B. 2008). fig5. Obama in front of the controversial custom presidential seal with Latin slogan saying yes we can. Imagery such as Obama standing in front of a presidential looking seal before he is president can have subtle subliminal effects. It implies that he has already won before the election has taken place and can be a powerful persuasive device if used strategically. Sol Sender, the designer of the Obama logo suggested although the presidential seal was used by the campaign only briefly, seeing Obama-the-candidate standing behind that familiar regal eagle had a lingering effect in the minds of voters (Kessler, B. 2008). In addition to this the voters have been subject to rock solid consistency in the visual communication that has solidified the Obama brand deep in their subconscious minds. Ambiguous communication From the outset of the campaign the three keywords used to inspire the nation were Hope, Change and Progress, which were the three ideas that the American people were so desperately seeking in 2008 Thomas (2010, p. 78)our strategy would not have worked if Obamas message hadnt rung so true and hadnt resonated so deeply with the American public. These words however inspiring are somewhat ambiguous unless the exact implementation of each is explained but this was rarely the case when used by Obama. Regardless of this, they became woven into the visual language of the campaign to the point that the word Hope had become synonymous with Obama. A news reporter commented about an Obama rally he witnessed Obama almost never got into specifics. It was change, change, save the country, change, yes we can, change (Wendel, J. 2008). people are VERY focused on Obama and dont really know much about what he stands for(Wendel, J. 2008). Conclusion Where are we now? A downward spiral of disappointment, anger and lost enthusiasm swiftly followed and continued to the end of 2010. Senate elections in November saw the Republicans taking back the House, and many of Obamas policies of Change were rejected by the American public (most notably the healthcare reform suffered a 59% opposition). In addition to this, his approval rating had fallen from 65% in 2009 to 45% in 2010. The reason for such a huge turnaround in public opinion after Obamas monumental success can be attributed to two possibilities. Either the American public developed and overzealous expectation of Obama and his intentions based on the strategic design of the campaign, or they were not as open to change as they seemed to imply. Either way it is clear that something must have caused this huge inversion to occur. Talk about how it is clear that design contributed to both a distorted view of what the public really wanted and how Obama was perceived to be something more than he actually was in reality. There were many Americans seduced by the feel good Madison Avenue campaign of Obama, but the trouble with hype is that after all the BS, you must be able to produce something, four years is a long time to run on hype'(flopping aces) Independents and Democrats are admitting to themselves that the Obama image [created] is nothing more than an allusion that they wanted to believe, against common sense. (flopping aces) the campaigns are now so intricate and so all consuming that the ability it takes to win a campaign is not the same skill set to govern and are we raising a generation of leaders that can win campaigns but not adequately govern? (john steward, daily show).
Wednesday, October 2, 2019
Person Centered Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Post Traum
Carl Roger’s believed that everyone is inherently good. Therefore, even the vilest of people would be included. Some disputes have been made among behavior theorists that because the theory lacks structure, it is not as effective in treating illness. However, it is one of the main theories utilized by therapists today. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is another popular theory that is used. It emphasizes the present and fixing cognitive distortions that clients may have. However, it too received some arguments against it, such as; treating symptoms and not the underlying cause of an illness. The theories that will be discussed are Carl Roger’s theory of Person Centered Therapy, Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and how they would treat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In Person Centered therapy, the therapist establishes a solid therapeutic alliance with the client. â€Å"The therapeutic alliance is a more encompassing term for therapy that emphasizes the collaborative nature of the partnership between counselor and client. This partnership incorporates client preferences and goals into treatment and outlines methods for accomplishing those goals. The therapeutic alliance is an alliance based on listening to the client without being judgmental or giving unwarranted advice.†Individuals are working toward self actualization. They also look for ways to improve experiences. Individuals try hard to reach an optimal sense of satisfaction. This eventually leads them to become fully functioning. After the individual is fully functioning they are able to trust their own feelings and experience a better life (Rogers, 1961). Rogers found that very few become fully functioning. To cope with this they create defense mechanisms.... ...Capsule. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). 14 Mar. 2008.http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/ptsd.htm. National Institute of Mental Health. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder : Signs and Symptoms. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 15 Mar. 2008. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/anxiety-disorders/post-traumatic-stress-disorder.shtml. National Institute of Mental Health. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder : Treatment. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 15 Mar. 2008. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/anxiety-disorders/post-traumatic-stress-disorder.shtml. Wikipedia. â€Å"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.†Wikimedia Foundation. 15Mar. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post-traumatic_stress_disorder&redirect=no
Tuesday, October 1, 2019
John Quincy Adams :: essays research papers
                                                       Lenora Spahn                                                        10/7/00 Presidential Outline I. John Quincy Adams      A. Born- July 11, 1767      B. Died- February 23, 1828 II. Background      A. Educational- Attended Harvard (1785-1787); Studied law under Theophilus Parsons      at Newburyport, Mass. (1787-1790); Admitted to the bar, 1790.      B. Occupational-           1. Minister to the Netherlands, 1784-1797           2. Minister to Prussia, 1797-1801           3. Massachusetts State Senator, 1802           4. US Senator (Federalist-Massachusetts), 1803-1808           5. Minister to Russia, 1809-1814           6. Chief Negotiator of Treaty of Ghent, 1814           7. Minister to Great Britain, 1815-1825           8. Secretary of State, 1817-1825 (under James Monroe)                          III. Terms Of Office      A. First Term (1825-1829) IV. Prominent Issues of the Election      A. Varied degrees of support for a protective tariff      B. A federal program of internal improvements V. Opponents      A. First Term-           1. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee           2. William H. Crawford, Georgia           3. Henry Clay, Kentucky     VI. Vice Presidents      A. First Term- John C. Calhoun, South Carolina VII. Political Party- no party labels used VIII. Domestic Events      A. John Quincy Adams becomes the 6th President, 1825.      B. Erie Canal Opens, 1825: links Lake Erie with New York City through the Hudson           River.      C. South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 1828: after an anti-tariff protest was held in      Columbia, South Carolina, delegates from 13 states convened to urge a tariff rise,      following the denial of a bill concerning tariff increases, after a tie-breaking vote from      Vice-President Calhoun. IX. Major Foreign Policy      A. Panama Congress, 1826: Adams supported US participation in the Panama                Congress; However, southern congressmen who feared the meeting might be used to      condemn slavery, as well as Adams’s political opponents delayed the confirmation of      the US delegates long enough to make it impossible to reach Ranama in time to           attend.      B. Tariff of Abominations, 1828: A high tariff on imported manufactured goods to           protect domestic industry. Later prompted Vice President Calhoun to draft the SC           Exposition condemning the tariff as â€Å"unconstitutional, oppressive, and unjust†and           claiming the right of a state to nullify such laws.      X. Major Conflict      A. The Tariff of Abominations proved Adams's reluctancy to submit to political
History of Muslim Essay
Elijah Muhammad was born in Sandersville in Georgia in a family of 13 children. He left home at the age of 16 and went around United States. He settled in Detroit Michigan in 1923 where he worked in an automobile factory. He later became an advocate for independence of black people, spearheaded for black operated institutions and religion. The Muslim community established various centers for worship while Mohammed established a newspaper, THE FINAL CALL OF ISLAM. During 1930s he came into contact with W. D. Fard. ho was a peddler and had already established an Islam temple in Detroit. In this temple much of the features were anti white. Fard proclaimed Islam to the collect religion for the African American thereby denouncing Christianity as religion for the slave masters. The teaching of this group was similar to orthodox Islam which included Sufism. Elijah Poole, together with his parents became very inspired by the master fard teachings which they received. This made them establish their own Muslim schools for their children. Because they felt that education in Michigan was not adequate. Mr Muhammad stance on Islamic education was firm and the religious community continued to resist placing of Muslim children under white Christian teachers In 1934 Michigan state education board disagreed with Muslims right to purse their own education agenda and the Muslim teachers together with temple secretary were jailed on a false charge. W. D. Fard renamed Elijah Poole to Elijah Muhamend. Elijah Mohammed then succeeded Fard of the Nation of Islam [N O I] and became the supreme minister. He settled in Chicago due to hostility he got from other Muslim functions in Detroit. Elijah Muhammad built what became the best and important center for the movement. They owned apartments, houses, grocery stores and restaurants. Many temples were opened in other cities and farms bought to grow ritually pure food for the members. The teaching of the Nation of Islam was that blacks should develop independence in economics, religion and nationhood. They had very strict rules. Where the following was prohibited drinking, smoking, gambling, physical abuse of the black women and inability to protect ones family from attacks by violent white America. Conservative good grooming ,neat clothing were required while some kind of personal behaviors like taking drugs, listening to music, dancing were prohibited. Self improvement was advocated, end of race hatred and separation of nationhood aspects. Elijah Mohamed was a divinely appointed prophet who changed the theological teaching of NOI which had been laid down by master Fard which proclaimed that Allah the Islam God had an earthly incarnation. In 1934 master Fard Mohamed disappeared mysteriously thus leaving behind Elijah Mohamed to lead the group. In 1942 Elijah Mohamed was arrested at Washington DC for conspiracy, sedition, and violation of draft laws, sympathizing with Japan during World War 2 and encouraging members to be against military draft He was then jailed for four years in Milan prison at Michigan. His teaching was seen to be black separist doctrine. This states that blacks were the original people on earth but were tricked out by Caucasian through global white supremacy. He demands freedom, equal justice, and law and constitution that would apply equally to all. Regardless of color, race and class He also stressed on equal membership on persons to members in society and organization of civilized society. Persecution and prosecution of the Muslim groups became life in Monroe, Los angeles, Calif and Michigan. Many followers of nation of Islam were jailed for being conscientious objectors of World War 2 White owned media and white operated publishers begun to circulate anti -nation of Islam propaganda on a massive scale. In 1959 Elijah Mohamed delivered a speech where he was accorded presidential treatment and escort. Later political leaders begun a denouncing and smear campaign against the Nation of Islam leaders and described it as being an anti America theories. Minister Farrakhan defended Elijah Mohammed and nation of Islam against these attacks. After would war two Mr. Muhammad was released from prison and he returned to Chicago which was a central point of Nation of islam. He worked very hard and expanded Islam membership. Among the new converts were Malcolm and his family. He came to influence Malcolm x who was the leader of New York Temple an ex convict. He had came from jail where he was serving a ten year jail term for theft . It is at this time when Nation of Islam teachings are introduced to him by a fellow inmate known as Beines. Malcom marries Betty Shabazz and preaches a doctrine of separation from the whites society. But a pilgrimage from Mecca teaches him that Muslim religion is for all races thus he softens his strict racial stand and breaks his free dogma on Nation of Islam. He later became very popular, speaking on politics gained roots highly on the Nation of Islam. In 1950s Mr. Mohammad promoted Malcolm x to the post of national spokes man and begun to write weekly newspaper column entitled Mr. Mohamed speaks which was A news paper for the blacks. The membership of the Nation of the Islam grew tremendously. Nation of Islam got a big brow when rumors’ went on about Elijah Mohammed had sex with various young Nation of Islam women who were working for him, whom he had gotten children with. The leakage and discovery of this information led to Malcolm being driven out of Nation of Islam. Although this was part of United States politics and counterintelligence plot to destroy the movement. Another reason of the split was a comment by Malcolm on assassination of John F. Kennedy which so Mohammed to suspend him from the society. Shortly Malcolm X founded his own movement on religious and political reasons; which was more Orthodox than Islam. Later he was assassinated on February 1965. The alternative too change the philosophy of the Nation of Islam is the destruction of the organization. This might be accomplished through generating factions among contenders for Elijah Mohammed leadership or through legal handles to probate court on his death. Thus Chicago should organize on how to generate the factionalism to destroy the Nation of Islam by splinting it into several functional groups. The United States government was accused of playing a big role in 1965 assassination against Malcolm and using secret police to meddle about with the affairs of the Nation of Islam and the black America. After the assassination the New York mosque was bombed. Mr, Mohamed sent minster Louis Farrakhan to New York City to take over the mosque there and begin the rebuilding mission. Later the following year he promoted him the post of national representative. During the late 1960s the greatly growing Muslim movement extended itself to more than sixty cities and settlement abroad in Ghana Mexico and Caribbean. A host of African government and Islamic government all over the world received Mr. Elijah Mohamed and donated generously towards his mission and effort. He went on HAJJ visits to Mecca the holy pilgrimage and pillar of Islam on many occasions during his life time. In addition to spread of Islam honorable Elijah Mohammed is credited for his contribution of an economically viable empire and his development programme. Under his leadership the nation of Islam showed signs of progress with the establishment of farms, export and import businesses, aviation, health care, administration offices, shipping on land, sea and air and his plans to start a modern university campus in Chicago. In 1975 he introduced mi minister Louis Farrakhan as his helper when they officiated the opening a multi- million dollar mosque and school. After the death of Elijah Mohamed 1975 Warith Deen Mohamed son to Elijah took over leadership and changed Nation of Islam membership allowing white members. Thus causing a major split in the organization Due to his drift from the black nationalists the splinter group under Warith changed its name to Muslim American Society. The other was lead by Louis Farrakhan who happened to be Elijah’s assistant. Things took another dimension later when Malcolm’s window accused Louis of her husband murder. Many members of the nation were disturbed at the movement’s new moderate direction and withdrew to form more traditionalist splinter groups. The most important of them retained the old names . the Nation of Islam and was led by Louis Farrakhan born Louis Eugene walcort of British west Indian parents of 1934. Farrakhan generary retained Elijah Mohammed ideas and practices including the strict behavior rules. He achieved prominence when he became a major adviser to Jesse Jackson during the latter presidential campaign in 1984 Conclusion Although the nation of Islam does not presently advocate for violence by its members the group preaches hatred of white race and racial separations. The membership of Nation of Islam is organized and poses areal threat. The Nation of Islam is responsible for the largest Black Nationalist newspaper which has been used by black extremists. It appears to be personal fiefdom of Elijah Muhammad . When he dies a power struggle emanates while Nation of Islam changes direction. While change in philosophy is seen and government intervention is seen to act as bureaucratic deletion destroy and reduce the activities of the group.
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