My Ideas Essay

Australian vision means that which are seen or imaginative image and people mind. Therefore the phrase †Australian vision† simple means something which are seen or imagined on people’s mind to describe Australian as a unique country. On the film â€Å"Strictly ballroom†, show Australian vision on every figure’s vision was obvious on the mind. One of the ideas about Australian is the multicultural; it’s obvious vision of the film about Australian’s vision. The vision show on the part of Scott dance Paso doble on Fran’s home, that Australian vision is multicultural. Fran’s family come form Spanish, is different to Scott’s cultural, Scott is a local of Australia, they are living on different cultural, even so they are make friendly and respect each other, happy dance together, enjoy a freedom steps world, Scott looked like a part of the Spanish family, in effect he not a real a Spanish, but it relevantly show sense of Australian is multicultural. We can saw very clearly, Scott is a professional dancer, he always dance wears colorful clothes, dance on dance hall, but in the film of part of dance on Fran’s home, Scott just wears comfortable clothes and dance on the backyard of a house, near railway, the very noise when the train passing. He is happy and enjoys it, dance with Fran’s family, and integrate with the Spanish family. Can be got idea about the vision, the vision for Australian, are multicultural country. On the life in Australia many different colors of people, many different cultural of people, and many different languages of people, the country just like a palette, many different come together, many possibility.

Monopoly power is not automatically bad as long as it is regulated Essay

Monopoly power occurs when a business is a dominant seller of a good or service with a market share that exceeds 25%. There are many disadvantages for societies where monopolies exist. A higher price than those in competitive markets is one of the main disadvantages for society. As monopolies are the main seller of goods and services in the market they can use their market power in order to raise the prices well above the marginal cost and thus make supernormal profits. As their prices are set so high and people have little other choice than to pay for them this reduces the amount of consumer surplus income. Green area = supernormal profit (AR-AC) Pink area = Deadweight welfare loss (the combined loss of producer and consumer surplus) compared to a competitive market. This would be bad for the economy as people would have less disposable income than they would otherwise have had if the good/service was at a cheap price, so cannot spend as much in other aspects of the economy. Another disadvantage of monopoly is that there are fewer incentives to be efficient. If it is protected by high barriers to entry (meaning there are a few or no competitors in their market), the business may become complacent and thus operate less efficiently that it could. In this instance it is also possible for diseconomies of scale to occur. For example if the business did become complacent and chose not to bother to invest in technology to improve its efficiency it could suffer from technical diseconomies of scale as with new equipment/machinery, goods can be produced at cheaper and more effective levels. The monopoly may also choose to deliberately erect barriers of entry into the market to ensure that they do not lose market share. This is bad for small businesses in the economy as it gives them little opportunity to grow and compete with such large companies as they may purposefully decide to lower their prices so that consumers choose to go the monopoly instead of the small business. As small businesses are unable to compete with the  monopoly this would mean that there is a rise in unemployment. Increased levels of unemployment bring many negatives to the economy as the government will have to pay out more benefits meaning they have less money to spend on public and merit goods. As there would be more people out of work, they also do not have as much disposable income to spend on goods and services. As consumer spending is a key component of aggregate demand, this could reduce its levels and as a result bring down the GDP for the economy. However, monopolies aren’t necessarily bad; they can be advantageous in some aspects of the UK economy. Although they can achieve supernormal profits through having higher prices, this can then be used to invest in research and development to further their business, or protect it if it does badly. This will also lead to the creation of employment. More people employed will mean fewer benefits have to be paid out and the government can spend this money saved on improving the country. Another advantage of a monopoly is that they can achieve economies of scale (purchasing large quantities of materials for a cheaper price) as they are such a large business. Increased output (Q to Q2) will lead to a decrease in average costs of production(C to C1) and these savings can be passed on to consumers in the form of lower prices. UK firms may have to be of a larger size if they want to compete on an international basis. To become large enough to compete in the international market a business is likely to need to become a monopoly if they are to stand a chance with competing with many other firms in different countries. Providing that monopoly power is regulated so that it is not abused to exploit consumers and purposefully make it difficult for new firms to enter the market, they are not necessarily bad. After all, firms grow by satisfying customers and companies that are monopolies wouldn’t be the size they are if they didn’t have satisfied customers. They provide many jobs within the economy and lots of revenue that can be invested elsewhere in the economy as well as being able to increase the GDP of a country.

Do We Need Education For Sustainable Living Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustainable life is about a life style that reduces an person ‘s or society ‘s usage of planetary natural resources ( Ainoa et al. 2009 ) . For sustainable life, we should carry on our lives in ways that are consistent with the nucleus rules of sustainability, in natural balance and respectful of humanity ‘s symbiotic relationship with the Earth ‘s natural ecology and biological rhythms ( CELL, 2010? ) . Such a life manner requires that we make serious efforts to cut down our C footmark by changing diet, energy ingestion and transit methods ( Winter, 2007 ) . Brown ( ? ? ? ) has described sustainable life in the twenty-first century as switching to a renewable energy-based, reuse/recycle economic system with a diversified conveyance system. It is by and large recognized that instruction is the most of import factor in bettering the quality of life and for heightening chances for single development. However, it has merely late been realized that instruction is the decisive factor in turn toing the present crisis related to environmental instability. The extent of the planetary environmental debasement crisis has merely come into focal point because of the multiple and repeated dismaies being raised over the effects of clime alteration. However, turn toing the multiple menaces to the sustainability of humanity within the twenty-first century is an tremendous challenge affecting educating and re-educating people on a battalion of complex and inter-related constructs. Education must hold a dominant function in traveling towards sustainable life since it is the individual most of import factor in bettering the quality of life. Science instruction is indispensable in accomplishing societal development through environmental co nsciousness. Education must be the advocator for environmental sustainability being a moral duty for all. Traveling towards environmental sustainability involves educating communities on the strength of present environmental debasement and actuating them to cut down their ecological footmark based on acquired cognition and experience. Higher instruction is peculiarly relevant to work outing the crisis of clime alteration ( Hales, 2008 ) . It is seasonably that higher instruction should concentrate on scientific discipline and technology for the development of new engineerings for preservation of H2O and energy supplied and learn communities how to populate and work sustainably. Specially structured educational plans are needed. These should be multidisciplinary to cover all facets that relate to sustainable life, must holistically turn to the entire energy, H2O and C footmarks of lifestyle picks, and explicate how these picks, determinations and behaviors affect natural resources, s ocietal equity and economic development. Further, extension plans must move as theoretical accounts for others to follow and assist communities ‘walk the talk ‘ ( Crosby et al. , 2008 ) . This chapter is an effort to stress the most important facets of instruction associated with traveling toward sustainability.What is sustainability?Sustainability has different significances for different people and has merely late come into crisp focal point following concerns on ‘climate alteration ‘ and the effects for sustainability of humanity. Unfortunately, the clime alteration argument has overshadowed the more of import argument on the sustainability of the environment. Over the last two centuries, the environment has been seen as self-sufficient and a resource to be exploited and consumed. Merely in recent decennaries has the environment been acknowledged as being earnestly stressed and threatened, and in pressing demand for preservation and regeneration. Despite the present widespread acknowledgment of planetary environmental debasement being caused by human disregard, there is intense argument on how environmental preservation and regeneration can be achieved both now and in the hereafter. This argument is frustrated by a deficiency of a matter-of-fact definition of ‘sustainability ‘ , peculiarly in relation to sustainable environmental development. The much quoted Brundtlund Report definition published in 1987 was the first to associate ‘sustainable development ‘ to ‘social duty ‘ : ‘sustainable development means keeping the demands of the present coevals without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their demands ‘ . However, the ‘needs of the present coevals ‘ are many and diverse and include nutrient, H2O, energy and money among others. These demands have already exceeded the resources on which they depend and so the ability of future coevalss to run into their demands is already compromised. Following such a loose definition of sustainability, there has been go oning dismay on the disparity of the demands of the rich compared to those of the hapless and on ‘what ‘ should be sustained and precedences of prolonging. The world is that present population growing, alien life styles and inordinate ingestion of resources are non sustainable but to make sustainability remains an elusive aim. It is obvious that there is an pressing demand to travel towards sustainability based on major alterations to the present dominant societal and community values. The utmost dedication of communities to devour resources must alter to preservation of resources coupled with wealth accretion altering to wealth distribution to help in shuting the spread between the ‘haves ‘ and ‘have-nots ‘ . Hence, sustainability should be driven by ‘people power ‘ . Sustainability besides implies alterations of attitude and accent on perceptual experiences of the significance of ‘economic growing ‘ . This has long been associated with increased trade and industrial development which have produced a downward spiral of increased poorness and progressive environmental debasement. Economic growing has to be measured in footings of run intoing the indispensable demands of humanity without heightening environmental debasement together with greater equity in the distribution of economic benefits. Social justness is a important constituent of sustainability. Sustainability is chiefly dependent on the saving of the diverse and complex ecosystems which make up the planetary ecosphere. These delicate systems are under unprecedented emphasis as a effect of the relentless demands for cleared land for lodging and industry, the increasing demands for fossil fuels for energy coevals and the burgeoning demand for nutrient from grain harvests and for fish from the oceans. It is merely because of the comparatively recent dismay bells sounded by the onslaught of clime alteration that irreversible environmental debasement has been to the full recognized and appreciated but alas, non to the full understood. In order to stress the graduated table of debasement and its correlativity with human impact, a new slang has emerged that of ‘ecological footmark ‘ which is a step of the ecological capacity of persons. At present, even the crudest estimations of ecological footmarks indicate that the developed states of the universe are populating bey ond their ecological capacity and are therefore populating on borrowed clip. Sustainability necessarily involves ‘government ‘ at all degrees and requires democratic revival to bring forth sustainable, accountable and just signifiers of capitalist economy which activate societal reforms and advance ecological consciousness. There is a common perceptual experience that engineering will work out the sustainability issue but this is a misconception since although engineering can help traveling towards sustainability, it is non the one-sided counterpoison. Further, accomplishing sustainability is non a ‘quick hole ‘ phenomenon but a drawn-out and unsure journey affecting dedicated committedness of people and resources. It is already clear that the rate of technological development in extenuating clime alteration is non consistent with the magnitude of job. Put merely, to cut down ‘carbon emanations ‘ agencies ‘capturing C dioxide and deviating it from the ambiance ‘ . These two operations need to be both technologically and economically executable and require clip devouring research coupled with advanced schemes to commercialize new scientific finds. Although a touchable definition of sustainability is elusive, it does hold many aspects all related to prolonging the environment as the top precedence. Therefore, instruction for traveling toward sustainability besides has many aspects which are best illustrated by the bunch chart shown in Figure 1 and a brief treatment of each constituent of this bunch follows. Fig. 1 Cluster diagram to depict the constituents of instruction associated with sustainability.Education for sustainable environmentsProlonging humanity in the twenty-first century depends on prolonging the environment as the top precedence so as to continue its resources. In simple footings, continuing these resources means that sustainable consumable outputs are provided but that the ingestion rate does non transcend the regeneration rate. Similarly, non-renewable resources must be preserved which means that the ingestion rate is balanced by the production rate of renewable resources. In concurrence with these equilibrating schemes, it is necessary to guarantee that waste coevals does non transcend the assimilation rate of the environment. Clearly the present crisis of ague and widespread environmental debasement is the consequence of these three factors being ignored over many decennaries. The environment in all its dimensions is degrading globally. Atmospheric pollution has been of major concern for many decennaries but has now reached new highs of concern following the widespread concern on the effects of clime alteration. The chief cause of clime alteration is believed to be due to the inordinate physique up of C dioxide in the lower ambiance caused chiefly by the inordinate burning of fossil fuels for the production of energy. However, C dioxide is non the lone known nursery gas, methane is besides a potent heat storage gas along with H2O vapour. This fact entirely is sufficient for much complacence within the clime alteration argument and poses extra challenges for clime alteration pedagogues. Whether or non climate alteration is a world is irrelevant in the context of environmental sustainability since all factors which disturb the equilibrium of the environment which has been established over millenaries have to be considered and addressed. Loss of biodiversity from the land arises mostly from habitat loss and atomization produced by overexploitation of land for development, forestry and agribusiness. This is blazing transition of natural capital to investing capital and although there has been widespread disapprobation of devastation of the rain-forests of the universe for decennaries, the worlds of such desolation are merely now going to the full evident as are the effects of ‘intensive agribusiness ‘ which reduces dirt quality at dismaying rates. It is dry that forests conserve biodiversity, preserve H2O and dirt quality, supply a broad assortment of merchandises and, above all, produce atmospheric O by photosynthesis and yet these commissariats still have no touchable market value as compared with the economic benefits of logging and land glade which straight increase atmospheric C dioxide concentrations. Such are the challenges for sustainability instruction, since the mentalities of developers and econ omic experts clearly have to alter and natural resources need to be ‘priced ‘ sufficiently high to guarantee their saving. Similarly, H2O resources globally are at crisis point. Freshwater is indispensable for human life but at best, it is less than 5 % of the planetary resource. Excessive usage of fresh water supplies for irrigation has markedly affected the wellness of river systems chiefly by cut downing flow rates which in bend topographic points emphasis on wetland systems. Further, natural implosion therapy of river inundation fields has been curtailed by the building of dikes and weirs which further control river flow rates and therefore topographic point terrible emphasis on critical river ecosystem resources. It is once more dry that many of these aquatic ecosystems have been studied in item over several decennaries but it is merely relatively late that inter-dependence of these ecosystems has been appreciated and value of biodiversity as a realistic step of environmental wellness realized. Further, the Marine environment is besides undergoing rapid debasement which is most evident from the dimi nution in the figure of fish species as a consequence of over-fishing with the coming of spiller engineering and unsustainable fishing patterns. Although the recent addition in success of aquaculture has and will go on to turn to this instability, it is clear that more terrible international statutory controls on fishing are required together with the execution of sustainable fishing practices- both of which depend on international understandings and pacts which are hard to accomplish and implement.Education for sustainable economic systemsThe supreme challenge for sustainable life in the twenty-first century is to control inordinate ingestion in the developed universe whilst raising living criterions in the underdeveloped universe without a net addition in ingestion of natural resources and environmental impact. Historically, life criterions have correlated with economic growing and environmental debasement, and so moving towards sustainable life is at best challenging and at worst , impossible. Again, instruction is required to alter the mentality on what constitutes a ‘sustainable economic system ‘ , foremost by understanding why present national economic systems are non sustainable. Contemporary economic sciences is based on economic growing and efficient allotment of resources, and multiple schemes are put in topographic point to accomplish pre-determined economic aims upon which the wealth of states is based. Conversely, the alleged ‘new economic sciences ‘ or ‘ecological economic sciences ‘ is based on sustainable growing and carnival and efficient distribution of resources. The first clip that the latter became a world instead than a theory was at the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change acme when developing universe states argued really convincingly that the developed universe should financially help the underdeveloped universe in cut downing planetary green house gas emanations. The failure of the acme to make a one-sided understanding on nursery gas emanations was mostly due to a deficiency of understanding on the basic rule of wealth distribution which underwrites ecological economic sciences. Conventional economic sciences puts a monetary value on natural resources such as fossil fuels, minerals, H2O and groceries and these are regarded as the chief drivers of national economic systems. However, every bit of import natural resources such as national Parkss, Marine Parkss, wetlands, coral reefs, mangrove swamps and many others are regarded as ‘economic outwardnesss ‘ which ‘need non be priced ‘ and hence are mature for development, peculiarly through touristry. Ecological economic sciences is based on realistic pricing of all natural resources which are capable to ingestion by worlds, either straight or indirectly and in add-on, is committed to the belief that sustainable economic sciences is based on a one-sided rejuvenation of industry such that fabrication procedures are energy and waste efficient, consume less resources and supply clean, safe working environments. Ecological economic sciences is the cardinal platform of the emerging C economic s ystem. However, it is already apparent that there is much resistance to a ‘carbon revenue enhancement ‘ and incredulity of the effectivity of ‘carbon emanation trading strategies ‘ in cut downing nursery gas emanations, so public instruction on the basic scientific discipline and economic sciences underpinning these strategies is evidently desperately required.Education for sustainable communitiesThere is no uncertainty that the overpowering menace to sustainability of humanity in the twenty-first century is that the present planetary population of about 6.8 billion is devouring 40 % more resources that the Earth is bring forthing per annum and so with a projected planetary population of 9 billion by 2050, 5.4 Earth ‘s worth of resources will be required to accomplish human sustainability. Even to travel towards sustainability on such a graduated table evidently requires a monolithic mind alteration of humanity and utmost urgency in the execution of sus tainable life patterns. Constructing sustainable communities basically involves ‘people power ‘ but communities require educating in order to develop the cognition, values and accomplishments required for informed decision-making that will better quality of life now without damaging the environment in the hereafter. Achieving sustainable life is a journey of indefinite continuance but with a clearly defined finish. It is a journey taken both by persons and by communities at the same time to the benefit of all. The foundation of sustainable communities is the development of sustainability literacy within communities which involves an apprehension of the present instability between ingestion and regeneration of indispensable natural resources – energy, H2O and nutrient. It is slightly dry and humbling to witness that the autochthonal communities of the universe have been far more sustainability literate over the last two centuries than the alleged modern communities over the last two decenn aries. Sustainable communities are resilient communities which have changed life-style behaviour and wonts which depend on inordinate consumerism to those which embrace waste decrease, reuse and recycle schemes all of which harmonize life criterions with environmental demands. These alterations take clip to implement but ensue in community societal wellbeing, strong economic systems and booming environments, the benefits of which become obvious to all. Sustainable communities vary tremendously with regard to size and character but traditionally form two groups – urban and rural. In the yesteryear, it has been much more hard to prolong rural communities due mostly to the one-way migration from state to town/city to obtain employment. However, this tendency can be at least partly reversed with the wider execution of ‘eco-development ‘ which has been responsible for the alleged ‘new urbanism ‘ doctrine but is merely merely going evident in rural and regional Centre substructure planning. Eco-development is based on a clean, green life doctrine which incorporates ingestion of renewable energies, preservation of H2O and life off the land utilizing smart ways to turn nutrient. Sustainable literacy merely becomes effectual when communities understand and appreciate that sustainable life non merely gives rise to better, healthier life styles but besides is cost effectual both in the short and long footings. B y virtuousness of their sustainable life styles, sustainable communities are resilient to the effects of clime alteration and are good suited to profit from future carbon-based economic systems.Education for sustainable energy suppliesProlonging humanity in the twenty-first century requires prolonging energy resources and supplies which creates the quandary which has become known as the planetary energy crisis. Coal, oil and natural gas combined provide about 80 % of planetary energy demands chiefly in the signifier of electricity and conveyance fuels but at the same clip bring forth the majority of nursery gas emanations which are believed to be responsible for planetary heating. It is estimated that planetary energy demand could leap by 50 % by 2030, consistent with a planetary population addition of 1.5 billion over the following two decennaries and this translates to a planetary heating estimation of the order of 6oC if fossil fuels continue to be the primary energy resource. An addition of 6oC corresponds to about 3 times the planetary heating which has occurred over the last century and would hold ruinous environmental, economic and societal effects. It is this type of horror scenario which is driving the alleged ‘global energy revolution ‘ which dictates that there has to be a move off from fossil fuels as the primary energy resource towards the usage of clean green renewable energy resources. These are having increasing attending but all have important technological, development, economic and ethical jobs associated with them. The quandary is that at present, all known renewable energy resources combined including atomic, solar, air current and biofuels account for less than 10 % of planetary energy demands and although considerable technological progresss are happening with regard to the commercial development of renewable energy resources, this state of affairs is improbable to alter significantly within the following decennary. Similarl y, attempts to cut down nursery gas emanations from bing coal-burning power Stationss, jointly known as ‘clean coal engineering ‘ , are at least 10 -15 old ages off from commercial world. It is cautiously estimated that fossil fuels will stay as the primary planetary energy resource for at least the following 30 – 50 old ages and that phasing out of bing coal-burning power Stationss will take at least 10 – 15 old ages. Therefore, the energy crisis is basically how are sustainable energy supplies to be provided entirely from renewable energy resources over the following half century? Although, it is by and large agreed that the passage to renewable energy resources is inevitable, the clip graduated table for such a passage is really ill-defined since there are non merely major technological jobs to be overcome but besides major societal and economic issues to be addressed along the manner which involve important educational schemes to be one-sidedly implemented. Given that it is already copiously clear that we live by an ‘energy economic system ‘ it is improbable that the excess costs associated with suspension of nursery gas emanations from fossil fuel burning coupled with the costs of developing options to fossil fuels will be readily accepted by communities, given that the present escalating costs of electricity and conveyance fuels are a beginning of desperation globally. Then there are ethical issues to be resolved in the passage to clean energy resources. It has been extensively argued that atomic power is the lone realistic option to coal and oil as a primary energy resource but the general population is really concerned about the grade of fail-safe operation of atomic power Stationss and is really concerned about safe disposal of atomic waste. Similarly, biofuels which rely on nutrient harvests such as maize merchandises as the primary energy resource are viing with the despairing demand to increase grain production globally to turn to malnutrition in some 23 % of the planetary population. It is clear that the planetary energy revolution will merely win if feasible instruction schemes are introduced and available to the general population which address the widespread deficiency of apprehension of clime alteration and, in peculiar, its causes and besides address the pros and cons of renewable energy resources. The immediate hereafter has to affect a blend of old and new energy coevals engineerings coupled with a widespread acknowledgment that energy has to be conserved and non wasted. It is practical instruction plans which will advance this ethic at all degrees within communities.Education for sustainable H2O suppliesSustainable life besides means holding entree to sustainable H2O supplies. At present, it is estimated that some 15 % of the planetary population do non hold entree to safe H2O and the bulk of these are in developing states. It is well-known that many of the life threatening diseases, so common in the underdeveloped universe, are spread by imbibing contami nated H2O. Further, it is estimated that agricultural irrigation consumes some 65 % of planetary fresh water supplies and already many states and parts are sing H2O scarceness at dismaying degrees due to drawn-out periods of drouth. Droughts are predicted to go more drawn-out as a consequence of the effects of clime alteration and so demand for fresh water will necessarily lift – predicted to be by some 30 % over the following two decennaries and therefore it is clear that pressing schemes are necessary to educate communities to utilize less H2O more expeditiously. Unfortunately, addition in fresh water usage is driven by legion factors which are hard to measure and command. These factors include population addition and distribution, life styles, economic systems and, most peculiarly, by increasing demands for nutrient which drives additions in irrigated agribusiness. There is besides a political factor which influences freshwater use in that many of the universe ‘s major fresh water resources are shared since major rivers frequently flow through several states. For illustration, the Danube passes through 12 states that use its H2O and the Nile flows through 9 states which are wholly dependent on its Waterss. Agreement between states that portion freshwater resources can be hard to accomplish and prolong but are by and large associated with demands for more effectual H2O use and rigorous direction plans. Since fresh water is such a valuable resource, H2O pricing is a extremely combative issue at all degrees – domestic, industrial and agricultural. Agribusiness is linked straight to nutrient production and hence husbandmans believe that they have the right to sufficient H2O to bring forth sufficient harvests to supply a sustainable income for themselves and their households. Some authoritiess nevertheless believe that such H2O rights should be controlled by licence in position of the scarceness of the trade good and this explains the struggle that is apparent between primary manufacturers and H2O licensing governments. It is inevitable that sustainable agribusiness depends on a major decrease in H2O used for irrigation by progressive usage of drip-irrigation engineering in concurrence with installing of improved drainage and recycling systems. Besides, during the alleged ‘Green Revolution ‘ of the sixtiess, new strains of many species of harvests resulted in big add itions in productiveness and this engineering is now focused on strains of grain harvests which require less irrigation. At the industrial degree and as a major portion of ‘industrial greening ‘ schemes, industry is following H2O recycling enterprises which may include partial intervention of waste H2O. These enterprises are complementary to the energy ingestion decrease schemes and are consistent with the ‘3R ‘s ‘ of clean, green industry – reuse, recycle, cut down. At the domestic degree, a ‘user wages ‘ system is normally applied to H2O ingestion and during periods of drouth, limitations are placed on H2O use which are enforced by H2O direction governments. It is going progressively evident that due to the intensifying cost of H2O, communities and persons are going more cognizant of the demand for H2O preservation and are taking appropriate stairss to originate the ‘3R ‘ regulation both separately and jointly. These enterprises include the installing of H2O armored combat vehicles in places to roll up rain H2O and the recycling of non-sewage waste H2O for external usage. No longer can it be taken for granted that the right to H2O agencies merely turning a pat on.Education for sustainable nutrient suppliesFood security, in concurrence with sustainable energy and H2O supplies, are the indispensable constituents of prolonging humanity. At present, nutrient security is non a world since at least 15 % of the planetary population is ill-fed and with a projected billowing population addition, it is a dashing challenge to cut down universe hungriness, particularly since this is straight linked with poorness and exacerbated by planetary heating. The Green Revolution, which partly achieved nutrient security over the period 1960 to mid-1980, was the morning of ‘intensive agribusiness ‘ which has resulted in serious environmental jobs. Widespread deep tilling of land together with inordinate usage of fertilisers and pesticides coupled with intensive irrigation has caused debasement of dirt quality and texture in add-on to dry land salt. The extra menace of clime alteration will necessarily further endanger the accomplishment of nutrient security in coming decennaries unless pressing stairss are taken now to travel towards sustainable agribusiness. Science, engineering and invention are indispensable drivers of sustainable agribusiness and therefore nutrient security. Improved mechanisation of agribusiness utilizing efficient reaping machines which cut down dirt compression are already increasing productiveness and usage of geographical placement system ( GPS ) engineering to supervise and command the place of such machinery enables exactly measured sums of seed, fertiliser and pesticides in add-on to the finding of dirt and works quality, which enables early sensing of diseases. Further, development of improved harvest assortments and marker assisted works genteelness combine to cut down losingss due to plagues and diseases. These biotechnologies lead to strains which are tolerant of drouth, heat and saline conditions in add-on to improved plague and disease opposition. Further, trickle irrigation coupled with micro-nutrient add-on is going progressively effectual in increasing production of staple harvests such as sweet murph y. In the quest to happen alternate, clean, green energy resources, bio-fuels have come into prominence. Biofuels are presently produced from amylum, sugar cane, wheat, corn and palm oil. Biofuel production is presently slightly controversial since the needed natural stuff is derived from land that should be used for nutrient production. In add-on, sugar cane and palm oil plantations contribute to deforestation of tropical rain woods. ‘Second coevals ‘ biofuels are presently being investigated which use harvest residues, grasses and willows as base stuffs and these have much promise as future commercial biofuels and are free of the nutrient related contentions. The last decennary has seen monolithic development of marine resources in the quest to accomplish nutrient security. The application of modern engineering to commercialisation of angling operations has led to a planetary overfishing crisis such that sustainable piscaries thresholds have been exceeded. Many of the coastal commercial piscaries have collapsed as a consequence of worsening gimmicks and the planetary industry is confronting farther menaces from saltwater warming and increasing acidification caused by clime alteration. Therefore, the seafood industry is non sustainable. The solution involves reaping methods that gaining control fish selectively and within specified bounds so as to let regeneration. However, such schemes are hard to implement on an international graduated table. Aquaculture is going progressively of import in turn toing the challenge of nutrient security. Entire fish gaining control in 2010 amounted to some 145 million metric tons of which aquaculture contributed 54 million metric tons – stand foring an addition of some 20 million metric tons compared to a decennary ago. Aquaculture meets at least three aims: provides seafood and hence income for coastal communities, reduces angling force per unit area on wild populations and maintains fish supply to prolong commercial, subsistence and recreational demands. Aquaculture can be sustainable provided that quality saltwater, reliable supplies of seed and feed-stocks are available together with application of schemes to guarantee disease free hatcheries and grow-out systems. The following coevals of aquaculture may affect debut of genetically modified beings ( GMOs ) . GMO ‘s have already been introduced into agribusiness and genetically modified harvest strains have been shown to giv e higher outputs with lower fertiliser support. The transgenic animate being merchandises are controversial and early efforts to market GMO salmon have faced stiff opposition. However, the potency for GMOs to be a force in battling nutrient deficits is important and can non be overlooked. Food security is clearly based on a combination of sustainable agribusiness, sustainable piscaries and sustainable aquaculture together with a paradigm displacement in the extent to which natural nutrient resources are exploited. Basically, more nutrient has to be produced with less energy, less H2O, less chemicals and by methods which allow environmental regeneration.Education in sustainability scientific discipline and engineeringSustainability scientific discipline is the scientific discipline associated with sustainable natural resource direction upon which the sustainability of humanity depends. The chemical scientific disciplines have a polar function in sustainability scientific discipline since atmospheric, fresh water and marine chemical science and dirt chemical science are of major importance in understanding pollution, and sourness and salt in the environment and overall wellness of the environment. In fact, ‘green chemical science ‘ is a driving force of envi ronmental sustainability. With its linkages to the biological scientific disciplines, economic sciences, environmental jurisprudence and political relations, green chemical science is a new manner to develop and use chemical procedures and processs that produce ‘chemicals ‘ which are benign to the environment and economically competitory. Aquatic chemical science plays a polar function in the finding of H2O quality of rivers, lakes and seas – a cardinal factor in the sustainability of aquatic nutrient production. It besides explains why rives and seas are increasing in sourness and the eventful effects on aquatic life, peculiarly fish. Soil chemical science is of huge significance in understanding how soil quality can be improved within an intensive agribusiness government and in understanding the causes and redresss for dry-land salt. Another constituent of sustainability scientific discipline is the ‘so-called ‘ clime scientific discipline, which is focused on an apprehension of the planetary clime and besides on the causes and effects of planetary heating. There is widespread belief that ‘technology ‘ can work out the major universe jobs such as hungriness, energy and fresh water lacks and, more late – clime alteration. This is merely partly true since it takes clip and invention to commercialize appropriate engineering to turn to specific jobs and technological innovation is an germinating procedure. It has already been shown that biotechnology is playing a critical function in the suspension of hungriness and many engineerings are being trialed and tested in the pursuit for clean energy resources. However, in footings of prolonging the environment and hence humanity in the twenty-first century, many types of engineerings are required which address basically the debasement of the environment caused by human intercession. For illustration, C gaining control and storage engineering, which is being developed to cut down nursery gas emanations from coal-burning power Stationss, may be successful but the economic costs o f gaining control, concentration, transit and storage of these gases has to be considered in the context of keeping costs of power coevals near to or at present degrees so that consumers are non faced with intensifying power measures. Further, the effects of long-run storage of nursery gases in deep Wellss are non known. It seems logical to recycle the captured nursery gases to bring forth utile chemicals instead than bury them. Similarly, GMO ‘s are of great significance in hiking agricultural end products without the inordinate usage of fertilisers and pesticides. However, there is much community resistance to their usage in footings of the effects thereof on human wellness and this is peculiarly the instance with genetically modified animate beings. It is clear than that sustainable scientific discipline and engineering are doing major parts to prolonging humanity and will make so in the hereafter but are non replacements for cardinal parts made by persons and communities to prolonging the environment.Education on clime alterationClimate alteration is likely one of the most contested modern-day issues. The pro-lobbyists argue that the scientific facts back uping clime alteration are incontrovertible and that back uping grounds is abundant. The opposing groups and sceptics argue that clime alteration is non a new phenomenon and that the scientific grounds is inconclusive and equivocal. It is clear that an apprehension of clime alteration requires some cognition of several scientific disciplines and understanding how to extenuate it needs to acknowledge the societal, political and economic facets. The latter have come into prominence late with the failure of the latest universe acme on clime alteration held in Copenhagen in 2009, neglecting to come up with an in agreement scheme to cut down nursery gas emanations really significantly within the following decennary. The failure to make understanding was in portion due to the developed states being unwilling to subsidise developing states in attempts to extenuate clime alteration and the ‘big three ‘ – USA, China and India one time once more non holding to subscribe any understanding to take the universe in doing the biggest cuts to greenhouse gas emanations within the following decennary. There is besides a widespread perceptual experience that engineering will repair the job of clime alteration but this is a psychotic belief. It is true that engineering is already being applied to turn to the most powerful job of nursery gas emanation – those associated with the production of electricity by the burning of natural coal. Clean coal engineering is already a major industry non merely with regard to carbon dioxide gaining control and storage ( CCS ) but besides with regard to development of clean, green, renewable energy resources. With regard to CCS, there are major jobs with the scheme of gaining control, concentration and ultimate dumping and it is by no agencies certain that this engineering will salvage coal-burning power Stationss from forced death. By contrast, immense developments are being made with regard to solar energy coevals, peculiarly with regard to the production of cheap solar cells and electricity storage capacity of batteries. Wind energy coeval s is besides going commercially feasible but has considerable public resistance since the monolithic generators are visually unattractive and are often located on premier cultivable land. It has already been discussed that engineering is being applied to stabilise H2O supplies even though these are farther threatened by the effects of clime alteration. Technology is besides developing more efficient irrigation systems and biotechnology is developing strains of nutrient harvests that require less H2O and can thrive in saline dirt conditions. However, it is clear that engineering entirely can non be relied upon to extenuate the effects of clime alteration. It has already been shown that prolonging humanity in the twenty-first century is wholly dependent on prolonging the environment which can merely be achieved by ‘people power ‘ both at the community and single degrees. Climate alteration is traveling to do this challenge even more ambitious and therefore the demand to conserve energy, H2O and nutrient, upon which humanity so clearly depends, is even more pressing. Equally pressing is the demand for wide-ranging instruction plans which guide communities and persons to follow eco-friendly life styles to prolong the environment. In decision, this overview has shown that prolonging humanity in both the short and long footings can merely be achieved by prolonging the environment which in bend agencies prolonging the primary resources, energy, H2O and nutrient, on which human life depends. Prolonging the environment is a supreme challenge since a battalion of complex synergistic secret agents are involved which demand single and community attending. Climate alteration introduces an extra dimension to this challenge and besides increases the urgency to traveling towards environmental sustainability. Complacency is non an option, nor is trust on engineering to work out this crisis. It is lone persons and communities working together in concurrence with engineering that moves toward environmental sustainability will be evident. Unfortunately, the journey towards environmental sustainability is of unsure continuance and can non make its finish within one coevals.

BUSINESS LAW PRESENTATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BUSINESS LAW PRESENTATION - Essay Example Any debts of the company thus are not the responsibility of the shareholders save to the extent of the value of their investments in the company. The case of Solomon Vs Solomon ([1897] AC 22) laid strong foundation for this principal and has been cited as a landmark case in times of debate and confusion by the courts all over the world. The judgment also recognised that the principle was to be of general nature assuming that there was "no fraud and no agency and if the company was a real one and not a fiction or a myth." Hence one can say that the courts would disregard corporate form in case it was used: Over the years the corporate veil has been pierced in the circumstances when the courts have gone beyond the artificial legal status of a corporate to fix responsibility on human interface this is commonly known as piecing (lifting) the corporate veil. Based on the decided cases the circumstances under which the courts have 'lifted the veil of incorporation' can be broadly categorised as follows: 1. 1. Where a relationship of agency is found to exist - In the case of Smith, Stone and Knight v Birmingham Corporation [1939] All ER 116 the plaintiff company successfully received the compensation for the land on which its subsidiary was located, acquired by the defendant by proving that the subsidiary had acted as its agent at all the times and it should not be treated as a separate legal entity from it. The court looked for six affirmative answers to the questions for deciding the case which were; a) treatment of the profits that of the parent b) managers of the subsidiary appointed by the parent c) was the parent the "head and brains" of the trading venture d) did the parent govern the venture e) the skill and control of parent enabled the profit of the subsidiary f) was the parent de facto constant controller of the subsidiary In the case of Munton Bros Limited v Secretary of State [1983] NI 369 the judge opined that while courts are loath to treat a company as an agent of individual shareholders, they are not that reluctant to treat a subsidiary of a parent as its agent as in such a case the concept of incorporation is not violated. 2. Where the company is being used as a mechanism to avoid legal obligations - Here the decisions as based on whether the legal obligations are present or future. In case present legal obligations are being avoided, the courts have disregarded the corporate identity as in the cases of Cummings v Stewart [1911] 1 IR 236 and Mastertrade (Exports) Limited v Phelan 4 December 2001, Unreported, High Court (Murphy J) the legal obligations were sought to be avoided behind the cloak of corporate structure which as pierced by the courts. In the case of Adams v Cape Industries [1990] Ch 433, the courts refused to disregard the corporate identity as it was an inherent right within the corporate law to use the corporate structure such that the future legal liabilities fall on another company

Conflicting Reward Systems and Their Impact on Criminal Justice Research Paper - 1

Conflicting Reward Systems and Their Impact on Criminal Justice Administation - Research Paper Example It is also going to analyze why a person ‘A’ should not suffer at the expense of reward of person ‘B’. Conflicting Reward Systems and Their Impact on Criminal Justice Administration Introduction: The role of criminal justice system According to May, (2008), criminal justice is rights respecting treatment that is deserved by virtue of criminal conduct. It is concerned with the responsibility of controlling crime and ensuring the due process is followed. For example, in US justice system, prisons are expected to provide basic human needs in a favorable environment. There is a very great relationship between law enforcement, the judicial system, and the corrections. The law enforcement agents are mandated to ensure there is law and order in the society (May, 2008). The judicial system issues judgments to people found guilty. They send the criminals to correction centers where the criminals obtain various correction programs as they serve their jail term. In thi s case, prisons renounce idleness and offers constructive employment, and recreation activities to the prisoners. Harr, (2008) noted that the criminal justice system addresses the human needs of prisoners with an aim of expressing faith in them. This goes in line with the purpose of prisons other than punishing them, to correct the prisoner. This idea helps the prisoners maintain their humanity and cooperate with the programs designed to rehabilitate them. The aim of inclusion of criminal justice system is to abstract values and not to punish the prisoners. Conflicting Reward Systems and Their Impact on Criminal Justice Administration On the other hand, reward systems encompass rewarding specific persons involved in the criminal justice system (Schmalleger, 2007). For example, judges are re-elected due to their hard sentencing of criminals by sending them to prison. The same case applies to prosecutors who move large number of cases to court alongside quick settlement of the cases. However, such a move can only serve the interest of the rewarded persons while neglecting the interest of others (Schmalleger, 2007). In light to this assertion, it can be argued that hard sentencing of criminals for example drug addicts would not add any value to the criminals. After completion of their jail term, drug addicts can still go back to their usual habit of addiction. In this regard, instead of judges sending such criminals to prison, it would be much better if the drug addicts are referred to drug rehabilitation centers Harr, 2008). This way, they would get necessary treatment and counseling that would see them abandon drugs and start a new life. Although not all criminals can be subjected to alternative correction centers, most of them can actually be subjected to such institutions. Some of the most effective correction institutions that could help criminals deter from committing crimes includes boot camps, which are particularly practiced in military setups, house arr ests, restitution and electronic monitoring (Hodge, 2009). If these programs are more utilised, the criminal justice systems would be seen to be meeting their goals and objectives. In some instances, additional funding for expanding jail facilities is another form of reward for those jails that are seen to be efficient in being harsh on criminals. This reward tends to pay no attention to programs like rehabilitation centers which have facilities like education and various job training which would go a long way in correcting criminals (Solhkhah & Wilens,

Law and Practice of International Organizations Research Paper

Law and Practice of International Organizations - Research Paper Example This is a classic opinion which reflects the intention that the Assembly is merely a parliamentary advisory body with the binding decisions being taken by the Security Council. The GA is characterized an international forum and the meeting of the Member states. As a general rule, GA does not have the power to legislate and its resolutions cannot have the binding effect of laws which are enacted by the national parliament. The resolutions do not have a legal and binding effect and does not create a legal or moral obligation among member states. However, recommendations from the Member states can address important issues of global concern and foster cooperation among states. Malanczuk and Akehurst (1997 p. 53) has concluded that the International Court of Justice in the Nicaragua case has ruled that resolutions of international organizations as a source of law. However, a resolution passed in a meeting of international organization is never conclusive as evidence of customary law. Thus , the mere statement of what a law is supposed to be is not sufficient in evidence, but nothing more an attempt on the part of the states to clarify their position. GA resolutions, even if they may not be binding have a normative value, which means that in certain circumstances, they provide important evidence in establishing the existence of a rule or the emergence of opinion juris. It is necessary to look at the content and the conditions of its adoption to weigh its normative character. These resolutions of international organizations are sometimes known as the â€Å"soft law†, in the sense that the guideline of conduct are not strictly binding norms of law and operate in a grey zone between law and politics, which lack a legally binding quality( Malanczuk and Akehurst, 1997 p. 53). Therefore, the client is not expected to follow the resolution issued by the UN General Assembly because it does not create a legal obligation to the client. The client will also not be subject ed to any sanction even if it complies with its contract with Israel because the resolution issued by the Assembly is merely recommendatory and generally has no legal and binding effect. Hambro (1977, p.250) reported that there is a fundamental difference between the decisions made by the SC which are binding on all member States, while recommendations made by GA are not binding on the states per se, except to those states which have accepted them. However, Dugard, Bethlehem and Du Plessis (1997. P. 34) suggested than an accumulation of resolutions, a repetition of recommendations on a particular subject, may amount to evidence of collective practice on the part of the States. However, the answer will still be different if the arms embargo to Israel was ordered by the Security Council on the basis of Article 41 of the Charter. In this case, I will advise the client to obey and follow the order of arms embargo of the SC to avoid being sanctioned. â€Å"Unlike the UN General Assembly , the Security Council has the competence to adopt resolutions under Articles 24 and 25 of the UN Charter which is binding among all Member States of the organization†(Shaw, 2008, p 116). Therefore, it is mandatory upon the client to strictly follow the resolution of the Security Council. Shaw (2008, p. 411) has concluded in his report that a person who commits a crime within the jurisdiction

Role of Early Childhood Educator in prevention of Child Abuse Essay

Role of Early Childhood Educator in prevention of Child Abuse - Essay Example 1). Evidently, as the family is unreliable, educators in diverse settings serve as reinforced resources for children to rely on in preventing further abuse. Types and Signs of Abuse Abuse can take a number of form, and not just on physical side, but can be on emotional aspects, neglect, and sexual violations in children. Having close interaction with young children, educators in schools and caregiver institutions should be aware on observable illicit signs of abuse. Physical abuse is not hard to identify, as cruel manhandling may range from burned skin, bruised, and lacerated body parts. Wounds from physical abuse are different from accidental injuries, as the former can occur on soft tissue, like â€Å"cheeks, buttocks, and thigh† while the latter are frequently seen on body areas such as â€Å"knees, elbows, forearms, or brow.† Typically, the material used as physical punishment can be observed on injured areas. Yet, other types of abuse are difficult to detect. Negle ct is the absence of considerable efforts in meeting the children’s biological and emotional needs. There is chronic inattention to well being of children, where parents leave them to inadequately fend for themselves. In emotional abuse, parents resort to verbal attacks and rejection through lack of parental concern and interest--resulting to â€Å"developmental lags, psychosomatic symptoms ... (communication) disorders† (Crosson-Tower, 2003, p. 15, 19). Lastly, there is unacceptable sexual overture in sexual abuse. Extreme behavioral reactions vary; others withdraw from contact with others, while some become sexually aggressive--expressing the type of sexual abuse experienced through drawing or play-acting. Collectively, these are fundamental signs that confirm the type of abuse faced by children. Long Term Consequences Child abuse is a condition that can be carried towards adult life. Subconsciously, the type of abuse received influences the way abused children live. On the physical side, health consequences can irreversibly affect them. As affirmed by DiScala, Serge, Li, and Reece (2000), severe physical head injuries resulted to significant reduction in neurological-dependent activities. Several victims, then, suffered physical disabilities that interrupt physiological capacities in living. Psychologically, such events may lead to several psychiatric (personality and eating) disorders, depressive status, â€Å"posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse† (MacMillan et al., 2001, p. 1878). The effects of abuse are more of maladaptive defense copings, where children’s life-esteem is extremely low and academic performance is negatively affected (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2008). As these are treated as abnormal conditions, society shuns them from social activities while insisting that they submit to treatment for such conditions. The society, as large, takes care of such events by funding welfare programs that assist abused children lead normal lives. Citizens in society indirectly fund the negative impact of child abuse, as taxpayers’ funds are drawn to pay community expenditures for juvenile and adult detention cells, and victims of psychiatric conditions. By large, the cost of supporting such expenses can be traced back to the behavioral impact of experiencing the categories of

Aims of the Practical Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Aims of the Practical - Lab Report Example In the end, the recipient would have an enhanced combination of genes, as they have been donated from the donor to the recipient (Carson, Miller and Witherow, 2011, 66). Therefore, research and pharmaceuticals have an aim of quantifying the appropriate actions that should be used in strengthening a gene by fusing some genes from a recipient to a donor. The aim of this practical is to associate the transportation of genes from one form of DNA to another combination. The recombination of the DNA is basically used to ensure the recipient is at a better state than the previous state. Therefore, finding an appropriate approach towards making a better solution in strengthening gene combination and DNA is a priority in this practical. For instance, when two genes are fixed together, the bonding creates a strong combination. With such a combination, it is evident that the recipient will be at an enhanced position in the daily functionality. It is considered that fusing two genes leads to enh anced activities in the DNA, which is appropriate in keeping a highly functioning gene combination. Materials and methods There is a wide variety of materials that should be used in this process. The materials are to be readily available, to show the importance of different combinations especially in the DNA field. The initial material that will be used in this practical is the FtsZ gene. This is a single celled alga that is indicated by the Pleurochrysis carterae (Pc-ftsZ). This is a highly active protein that is believed to be the vital structure being the division of mitochondrion in the body. The protein is solely responsible for highly initiating the reaction of the mitochondria to multiply at a higher rate. Therefore, using this material in the reaction will be dominant in making an increase in the mitochondria division. The second material to be used in this experiment will be a low-copy of plasmid pProEX. The low copy plasmid will be used in comparison to the second copy of plasmid. The third material is the high copy plasmid, which will be used with the pProEX (Carson, Miller and Witherow, 2011, 31). Inserting the pProEX into the high copy of the Plasmid will be the practical of showing the reaction of the two. The other materials to be used in this experiment are gathered pBluescript KS II which is positive (+). This is a material that is gathered from E. Coli. These will be followed by a double restriction of two enzymes, namely BamHI and HindIII. The reaction will lead to a release of FtsZ, which is also vital in the experiment. After insertion of FtsZ, it will be followed by isolating pBKS II DNA, which is done by inserting a restriction enzyme. As part of the reaction, a catalyst will be used. The catalyst in this experiment will be alkaline-phosphate (AP), which is also a treatment for the lenealised plasmid. Another function of the AP will be preventing any partially digested plasmid from re-circulating. Results Plasmids are considered to be vi tal in helping bacterial hosts, in that they are useful in preventing bacterial infections. They are useful in resistance to antibiotics and degradation of organic complexes. Therefore, it is a positive maneuver for the plasmids to be increased in their production. Reproduction of the genes in the combination will obviously come out with positive results. First, the body will be well prepared to deal with organic complexes.

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political science - Essay Example al political systems, supranationalism, peace studies, conflict analysis, strategic studies, public administration, political psychology, socialization studies, legislative processes, public law, and more. The issue of how globalization is impacting citizenship is one of great significance within the field of political science, and it is as well one which is highly relevant to the world today. In order to be able to understand about globalization and how it is affecting citizenship today, not only must each separate issue be discussed, but as well any and all other key issues must be addressed and thoroughly examined. By doing this, we will be able to gain a more informed and knowledgeable understanding on the subject matter at hand, and as well we will be able to attain the information which will answer the question of how globalization is affecting citizenship. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Globalization is a term which refers to a process that involves the increasing of global connectivity and the integration between organizations, and it is really an umbrella term which covers a variety of different ideals. Recent emerging literature and studies on the quality of democracy have suggested the fact that economic globalization greatly affects the quality of citizenship, and there are three particular of facets of globalization which must then be discussed here, as well as two facets of social citizenship. The three globalization facets are trade level, trade liberalization and debt ratio; the three social citizenship facets are social spending and employment quality. The problems that are considered to exist between globalization and citizenship are not considered as being new, as in fact there have been many steps that have been taken in the past, particularly over more recent years, in order to try and create solutions for these specific problems. For instance, in December, 1996, UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social

Methods and Procedures to Form the Government Contracts in Saudi Essay

Methods and Procedures to Form the Government Contracts in Saudi Arabia and the UNICTRAL Rules - Essay Example It compares it with the Saudi legislation in the government contracting procedures. Government procurement market is one of the largest markets in the world. Countries spend billions of dollars yearly to meet the needs in the various sectors of health, educational and municipal services, communications and technology. Therefore, it is not unforeseen that the issue of government procurement obtains great attention and consideration locally and internationally. Government Contract is an important tool used by the administration to achieve its requirements to ensure that the regularity of the public utilities. In consideration of the importance of government procurement law, many local and international organizations and conventions address government the contracting procedures. One of these agencies is the United Nations through â€Å"The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). It is a â€Å"Model Law on Procurement of Goods, Constrictions, and Services with Guide to Enactment.† The law empowers countries around the world to reconsider their local laws on government procurement that contains uncertainty, lack of clarity, and lack of transparency. Therefore, when countries are drafting their laws, this model law can guide them. Thus, the UNICTRAL Model Law is a model for comparison between its rules and the Government Tenders and Procurement law of Saudi Arabia, which was enacted by the Royal Decree No. M/58 dated 27 September 2006. The papers scope is limited to clarifying the contracting procedures of the government agency in Saudi Arabia when choosing the contracting party. It relates to the Government Tenders and Procurement Law. The process is applicable in the contracting to purchase items or services, whether the contracting method is sealed bidding, limited tender or the direct purchase method. Before 1966, Saudi Arabia lacked an integrated law specialized in organizing the contracts entered

Cultural Representations of Social Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Representations of Social Class - Essay Example The conjoined value of all of these parameters plays a part in defining the nature of the culture. So, when all the parameters have been decided; the culture plays a role in impacting the social class and the pride within the different social classes. The concept of culture is an amalgam of the different elements, which include the basal ideas of class, constructs, the norms, values and artifacts. All of these elements have a defined impact on the different sections of the society. The elementary constructs of social class are built on all of these fundamental points (Boas, 1940). An upper class construct is associated with the attachment to refined kinds of ideas. They tend to be more superfluous in nature with the importance being given to a lot of activities. The upper class has a certain set of the norms, values, constructs and ideas that form the crux of fundamental elements. An upper social construct would have all of these values that are consequential to it. The lower construct has certain attributes that have certain norms, values, artifacts and systems of action. The human beings are beings who have the quality of experiential learning (Lewis, 1964). So, it is potentially easy for an individual to move from a lower soci ety to the higher society by the learning of certain kinds of values that are essentially a part of the system of the social set-up. The some cannot be said about the migration from upper calls to a lower class. These are the reasons for the inability of the movement from the upper to lower class. The culture is divided in a general way, either in the form of refined culture or the culture that is not refined in nature. So, the formation of the social constructs is inherent to the definition of culture. This can be comprehended by the general meaning of culture which is a combination of the values, ideas, norms and the artifacts

Media studies †Life on Mars Essay Example for Free

Media studies – Life on Mars Essay How does life on mars (2006) use visual codes, technical, audio and narrative codes to create a sense of excitement and encourage the audience to watch. In this first episode of Life on Mars there are many different codes and conventions used to make this series instantly appealing to the audience. The episode is excellently paced and smartly directed, getting us into 1973 within 10 minutes and introducing new characters effortlessly. Sequence 1 of life on mars gets the audience instantly familiar with the genre, the episode begins with a police car chasing down a suspect which quickly shows us this is a hybrid police crime drama. The diegetic sounds of police sirens and dogs along with the non diegetic music, a heartbeat which is corresponding with Sam the detective in the police car creating suspense as we get a feel for how Sam is feeling as the heartbeat signifies his nerves also introducing the audience to protagonist Sam Tyler, these audio codes add up to create an exciting police chase which again expresses the genre of Life on Mars. Once out of the car Sam is forced to chase his primary suspect down an ally way in a council estate in the city giving the audience a feel for the setting. The music isnt as dramatic while the chase is happening but speeds up during more dramatic parts of the chase which creates suspense. Cinema-verte is used when filming the chase which makes the audience feel almost part of the chase, this entertaining filming technique and creative use of music makes Life on Mars exciting to the audience creating enigma and encouraging them to watch on. This chase takes us up to Colin Raimes arrest bringing us to sequence 2. In sequence 2 Sams colleague and girlfriend, Maya, are interviewing suspect Colin Raimes. Sam and Maya facing Colin and his lawyers, which creates tension between these two sets of people. During the interview there is a close up of Colin Raimes which engages the audience creating tension and increasing the viewers curiosity as to what this suspect has done and makes them wonder has he done it or not? The diegetic recording sound in the background shows the viewers the interview is being recorded and shows the viewers the seriousness of the situation, the room is dark with little light which creates a professional mood, the dark setting is a technique used to scare the suspect in to talking, perfect for the situation. The narrative codes in this sequence reveal allot about Colin Raimes as he gets upset by the images he is being shown, we learn Colin sees a psychiatrist and his lawyers talk about how kids would throw fireworks at him on his estate. This is evidence to show that Colin is vulnerable and is possibly mad, the audience may take pity on him or take a different view on the suspect, this makes the viewers curious and increases their want to watch on. After the interview in sequence 3, Maya isnt done with the suspect and decides to follow him on her own, only to be kidnapped. Once Maya is kidnapped Sam becomes sad and heads out looking for her, there is a close up of Sams face and he is distressed with tears running from his eyes. This visual codes will make the audience feel sympathetic towards Sam and shows us perhaps he is feeling stronger than just friendship for Maya. Sams nerves eventually get the better of him when he has to stop the car to refresh himself, standing there half-heartedly he says into himself, The world is a scary place again this shows the audience he is thinking about Maya and wants to find her increasing their sympathy for him and overall making the viewers want to continue to watch to see the conclusion. The different audio codes used express Sams feeling for Maya as the non diegetic music plays softly whilst he cries and thinks about her, this corresponds with the visual codes creating a sympathetic feel for the protagonist making the audience pity him. Sam is unexpectedly struck by a speeding vehicle which brings me to sequence four. Sam is struck very unexpectedly and this may have came as a shock to the audience, the accident is very unexpected and this is done deliberately to shock the audience as this scene is key to the viewers as it is where the storyline unfolds as after this it is based in 1973, where Sam time travels back in time. The diegetic sounds used are very impacting, when the car hits Sam, initially there is a loud sound to signify he has been hit, after this all that can be heard is silence which corresponds with how the audience will feel, as they will be shocked at what has just happened. This creates enigma and increases the viewers curiosity to keep watching and they are now introduced to how Life on Mars is going to take place. (back in time) will Sam be okay? what will happen next? are few of the questions the audience will be asking making them exciting and encouraging them to keep watching. Once Sam is hit and the audience are aware of what happened there is a close up of him laying vulnerably on the ground, this close up shot shows his eyes, wide open but yet not moving, with only police sirens and a heartbeat which is corresponding with Sams as he lays on the tarmac, creating tension and making the audience question if he is even alive. This close up then changes to a high shot as the camera slowly moves up, looking down on Sam which shows how empty the road is, no traffic just him. This suggests a change in time and expresses to the audience what has happened introducing them to 1973. These visual and technical codes all raise the audiences awareness causing them to ask questions and want to know the conclusion. Sequence five is the most important as, Sam wakes up to find himself in 1973, complete with 1970s era clothing and an 8-track playing Life on Mars in a car. Dazed and confused, Sam wanders back to the police precinct he works at, only to find it filled with cigarette-smoking, gum-chewing strangers hes never seen before. The music is significant as before the crash David Bowies 1970s song Life on Mars was playing on Sams ipod in the car. This is strange as he has travelled back in time to when this song was just out and extremely popular. Sams feeling are conveyed in different ways, with voices in his head from when he was a boy repeating, where are you? as he wakes up in a forest, obviously not where he was before. Creating enigma for the audience and making them aware of the time change increasing their excitement and want to continue watching. When Sam stands up in 1973, with no clue as to where he is the camera is low angled and is circling him while Life on Mars plays which really creates a confusing atmosphere showing that Sam does not know what is going on. This technical camera work helps to express Sams feelings and shows the audience a broader understanding of whats going on. Everything has changed in Sams world, The set designs and costumes effectively evoke the era, as well as the grittiness of the run-down neighbourhood and police precinct. Everything feels straight out of the 70s, from the clothing to the cars to the horridly ugly decorating in Sams apartment. Throughout the episode, Sam hears hospital noises and doctor voices and at one point sees a person on late night TV talking like a doctor describing Sam being in a coma. Sam becomes increasingly convinced that he truly is in a coma, and that none of this world is real. he believes it is all part of his imagination. These are some of the ways in which Sam portrays his feelings to the audience during this sequence. Which allows the audience to get to know Sam and begin to have a feel for his character encouraging them to continue to watch Life on Mars. Later Sam meets a young police officer named Annie Cartwright who he begins to open up to and express his opinion and at one point tells her I had an accident and when I woke up, I was here. Only here is 33 years in the past. Now, that either makes me a time-traveller, a lunatic, or Im lying in a hospital bed in 2006 and none of this is real. This quotation of what he says gives the audience insight into how he feels about the whole situation, this again allows the audience to engage with Sam and feel what he is going through, the audience will grow a certain like for Sam and this creates a sense of excitement and encourages the audience to continue to watch Life on Mars.

Study On The Marshall Plan

Study On The Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan officially known as the European Recovery Program or ERP, it was the primary program during 1947-51 to assist with aid. The United States rebuilt and created a stronger economic democracy for the countries of Europe. At the end of World War II, the United States went on a venture to rebuild Europe. General Marshall went all across the Continent to villages, towns and cities that had been pounded in to rubble. The transportation system was unreliable after the war. Bridges, roads and railroads lay wrecked and destroyed. Germany was ruined. Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands and other European countries had been badly damaged. Millions of men, women, and children had been killed. Millions more struggled just to find food to eat and a dry place to sleep at night. Britain faced a desperate shortage of coal and electrical power. Trade was deceased, and factories had been crippled across Europe. Farms, mines and manufacturing concerns struggled to provide food, shelter, and clothing. Europe was starved for capital to reinvest in industry. They needed capital with which to relieve a crippling debt burden, and capital to enable Europeans to get their people back to work and adequately feed them. Reconstruction required products from the United States, and the Europeans simply did not have the dollars to purchase such material. The Marshall Plan was set up because of the economic disaster in Europe. It was the coldest winter in the record in1947. People died of starvation or either froze the death. General Marshall wasnt pleased with the conditions that these countries were in. He spoke with President Truman and said the world turn communist if its not jumped started. (Milward, 1945-51.) George Marshall (who had served as a general in the U.S. Army during the war) had been appointed U.S. secretary of state. The tragedies of the European situation became more aware to American leadership. A small recovery was already on its way, fueled by a little publicity of aid from America, mainly in the form of loans, fuel, raw material, goods, wheat, and US machinery to help get factories get back on their feet. The transport system was helped by rebuilding transport system through advis ers. They also had a very large number of Norwegian fishermen, wool for Australian weavers and new tractors for farmers. From July 1945 until December 1947 America funded roughly $11 billion into Europe. (The Marshall Plan, 2008). But this aid oriented toward relief and was largely unfocused. It had not achieved the progress that had been hoped for. A more coherent and effective approach was necessary. In March 1947 Secretary Marshall attended the foreign ministers conference in Moscow. Political and economic developments were not promising. Alarmed at the failure of the conference, on his return from Moscow Mr. Marshall declared that the patience is sinking while the doctors deliberate. (Martin Schain (ed.), 2008) Over the next six weeks the secretary set his department working hard to come up with a workable solution. The plan that eventually emerged was simple and broke new ground. America provided aid to European countries for years and agrees to respond cooperatively. Remarkable as it may seem from a Cold War perspective, this plan even envisioned including the Soviet Union and its newly Eastern European satellites. The goals were straight forward and alleviate the dollar shortage. This provided a catalyst for recovery to head off any provided many solutions. This act alleviated communist threat. The new program would target construction, investment, and new technology. It would include and involve advisers in economic modernization. America wanted a rebuilt Europe, in which nations would act together and cooperate as the American states had done for decades. This new aid would be issued over several years and targeted in a way that would help alleviate balance-of-payments problems. The economies progressed productively and cooperated between capital and labor across the region. This plan was publicized as a hand-up, not a hand out. (Martin Schain (ed.), 2008). On June 5, 1947 George Marshall launched the program during Harvard University graduation ceremony. Marshall described the dangerous situations in Europe and laid out the rationale for American involvement in nothing less than to lend a hand to help rebuild Europe. In what has been called the ultimate commencement address, Marshall argued that Europe must have substantial additional help or face economic, social and political deterioration of a very grave character. (The Marshall Plan, 2008). He thought it was only logical that the United States should do whatever it takes to assist in the return of normal economic health in suffering countries, without the help he felt there wasnt going to be any political stability and no assured peace. He made his point for why his plan was needed: The policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. The main purpose of the project was to be a partnership. It would be neither fitting nor efficacious for this government to undertake or to draw up a program designed to place Europe on its feet economically. The State Department was concerned about the speech they felt as if it was understated and short on specifics. By this American publicity was silent. Many peopled failed at first to grasp the importance of the discloser and didnt quite understand what was really going on. However, this was not the case in Europe. British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin heard Marshalls radio broadcast speech and immediately contacted French Foreign Minister George Bidault to begin preparing a quick European response to accept the offer. The two agreed that it would be necessary to invite the Soviets as the other allied power. When the Soviet ambassador in Washington saw the plans as creating an anti-Soviet bloc, Joseph Stalin felt that the Soviets should take the offer. Stalin directed the negotiations to be held in Paris regarding the aid; countries in the Eastern Bloc must not agree to accept economic conditions. Stalin changed his prospective on things when he learned that funds would be extended only on a willingness to accept economic cooperation and the catch was that Germany would also be extended more aid, from this he thought that this would wreck the Soviets ability to influence in Western Germany. Stalin suspected a possibility that these Eastern Bloc countries might defy Soviet directives not to accept the aid, potentially causing a loss of control in the Eastern Bloc. In addition, the most important condition was that every country to join the plan would need to have its economic situation independently, but the Soviets could not agree. Bevin and Bidault also insisted that any aid be accompanied by the creation of a unified European economy. But progress was slow, and it took two months to draft a suitable plan. Not until December was the first official version of the plan submitted to Congress. The Marshall Plan, officially called the European Recovery Program, came into being on April 3, 1948. The United States Congress passed the new law and called it the Economic Cooperation Act, which outlined a great program of European aid. By the end of 1952 the Marshall Plan had grossed more than $13 billion in funds to rescue Europe and settle it back on its feet. This was about five to ten percent of the U.S. federal budget and two percent of gross national products. The plan served as a stimulus package to expand European agricultural and industrial production; it helped restore budgets and finances; it stimulated trade among European countries and the rest of the world. The United States wanted to be the first to help with the redevelopment of Europe, by 1949 it became the policy of the Marshall Plan to encourage the unification of Europe. The Marshall Plan was the containment of communism. By rescuing, Europe, America hoped to change the political and economic landscape that communism would to cease economic issues. The Marshall Plan dramatically strengthened the role of American power and prestige in Europe. It played its part in paving the way for the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949, which bought the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) into existence. America saw that a partnership between itself and a strong, united Europe, sharing the same essential values o f freedom and democracy, provided the best means to cease communism and other regional and global problems. The Marshall Plan is considered by many to have been the most effective of all American foreign-aid-programs. It succeeded in preventing the deteriorations of European economies and in so doing helped cease communism. The spirit of George Marshall lives on as America and Europe work toward the same grand vision of shaping the peace, freedom, and prosperity of the world based on democratic values.

A Fire Alarm System | Engineering Essay

A Fire Alarm System | Engineering Essay It is more prudent to head off a disaster beforehand than to deal with it after it occurs. Fire alarms are one of the most useful ways to avoid fire deaths. A fire alarm system is part of the total security system providing fire protection. Installation of fire alarm system gives rise to numerous benefits such as safety of occupant of a building, reducing loss of property or early notification to fire department. Two hundred years ago, early Americans fire alarms were very creative. The different ways to announce a fire were by blowing whistles, ringing church bells or even shooting guns into the air. Due to the creativeness and inventiveness of early scientists, alarm systems were revolutionized. They were using the telegraph technology [1]. Ensuing decades into the 21st century produces multi-functional community fire reporting methods through wireless transmitter. Consequently, alarm systems were installed in private houses and business for security reasons. The first fire alarm system was created in the year 1658. There was no technology used. The New Yorks first fire department employed eight men. Nightly, the firemen were walking the streets to check for fires. In the 1850s, the Australian created the hand-shaken wooden rattle alarm which awoke people from impending harm. After the creation of the telegraph, forthcoming fire alarms were improved by employing this technology. Using teleg raph technology, in 1852, William F. Channing and Moses Farmer designed two fire alarm boxes with each containing a telegraphic key. With reporting a neighborhood fire, the person cranks the attached handle on the box releasing the key to send out a message of the box number to a central alarm station. Upon receiving the message, the telegrapher at central headquarters sent the corresponding address of the box location to the fire department response team [2]. Consequently, more advance technologies were used to create fire alarm which made the latter more effective in numerous ways. One of the most common types of fire alarm system is the smoke alarm. A smoke alarm is one that uses a smoke detector as a device that detects smoke to activate the alarm system. Although the use of smoke detector as sensing element is mostly used in fire alarm, the latter is not fully effective. According to Journal of Safety Research, improved efforts are needed for the functional use of smoke alarm to saves more lives. To improve the functioning of fire alarms, the type of sensor used must be changed [3]. Sensors play a fundamental role to any measurement and automation application. A sensor is a device that converts a change in a physical condition to a measurable response. One of the most useful types of sensor used in fire alarm is the temperature sensor. A temperature sensor is one that converts heat energy in electrical energy. That is, the temperature scale is calibrated accordingly to a voltage scale. There are several temperature sensors, a few of them are, thermocouples, thermistors and thermostats among others [4]. In most of the electronic circuitry, signals from sensors are processed using a microcontroller. A microcontroller is a small computer mounted on a single integrated circuit. It is divided into different section namely the processor core, memory and programmable input and output peripheral. The different types of microcontroller used are Programmable Logic Device (PLD), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Peripheral Interface Controller and the most recent one the Matrix Industrial Automotive Controller (MIAC). The MIAC is an industrial grade control unit which can be used to control a wide range of different electronic systems. Programming the MIAC system is typically done using Flowcode, which is a simple microcontroller language that uses the same principle as flowchart. In this project, a fire alarm will be installed in a chemical laboratory. One of the crucial aspects while working with chemical substances is temperature. The system which will be created will have as main objective to regulate in temperature of the laboratory and in case of fire to activate the fire alarm and its entire component. The system will have as input a temperature sensor which will read the temperature of the room. The signals from the temperature sensor will be used as the microcontroller input. The output of the microcontroller will vary according to the temperature of the room. The three main functions of the microcontroller are to activate the air conditioner system when the temperature of the room is high. Furthermore, at low temperature the microcontroller will activate the heater system. Finally, at very high temperature, that is in case of fire, the system will activate the fire alarm, the sprinklers, close the windows and doors after all occupants of the laborato ry have left the premises. Closure of the windows and doors prevent the exposure of the fire to oxygen and avoiding the fire to expand on a larger scale. 1.2 Aim of the project The aim of the study is to design a system which will be used in a chemical laboratory. In case of very high temperature in the room denoting a fire, the system activates a fire alarm and all its components. Moreover, when the temperature of the room is low the heater system will be activated and when the temperature is high the air conditioner system will be activated. The system will have as input a temperature sensor and the MIAC as microprocessor to process the signals from the temperature sensor and activate the required system as its output. 1.3 Objectives of the Project The objectives of the project are as follows: To understand the structure and operation of the MIAC. To study the flowcode programming technique. To understand how to interface MIAC to the inputs and outputs. To design a program that meets the requirements of the system. To build a model of the system with all its components working accordingly. 1.4 Structure of the report 1.5 Brief Literature Review In the United State (US), most lethal injury that occurs in houses is caused by fires and burns. One of the most persuasive ways to prevent death and injury from fire is by installing a fire alarm. It is an effective method if regular maintenance is done on the alarm system regularly. Statistic shows that 95% of the houses in the US have a fire alarm; there is still a high percentage of fatal injury caused by fire. Due to lack of maintenance of the alarm, the latter tend to be ineffective. According to the finding in the Journal of Safety [3], theres a huge gap between number of smoke alarm present and the number of lives saved in fire tragedy. In order to improve the efficiency of alarm, campaign shall be done to make people aware of the danger if maintenance is not performed regularly. Accordingly, the most vulnerable group of people from fire death is the young children, older adults and the disabled person. Alarm system is an important aspect in processing industry. In industry where products are manufactured in line processing, alarm system plays a fundamental role in alerting the operators that a strange event has occur or equipment is not behaving according to normal conditions. For safe operation of the alarm system, regular alarm assessment is required for alarm management life cycle [5]. Regular assessment provides feedback for fine tuning the system resulting to a good working condition. There are two aspects in fire alarm design. The first aspect, the engineering aspect consist of the designing the alarm generating algorithm. The algorithm can be simple limit checking on a raw process to much complex one such as using machine learning tools for fault classification. The second aspect of the alarm system is the way that errors are notified in order that necessary action is taken at the right time to solve for the problem that occurred. Human Machine Interface [6] is an elemental part in the second aspect. In order to test for the performance of alarm system with respect to the first aspect of alarm design, graphical tools are used. Two graphical tools which are commonly used are firstly the High Density Alarm Plot (HDAP) and the Alarm Similarity Color Map (ASCM). The High Density Alarm Plot is an appropriate tool for visualizing large amount of alarm data of a plant over a selected time range. The HDAP gives a global picture of the alarm system without getting a deeper insight of how the latter works. The HDAP has the capability to identify visual periods of plant instability. By instability we mean the period of time where a high number of alarm is activated simultaneously in a short time period. The Alarm Similarity Color Map (ASCM) is software for graph plotting. There are several steps in plotting the ASCM graph [7]. The steps are follows under the assumption that the co-occurrence of two events follow a homogeneous Poison process and calculate the probability that the number of o verlaps is less than the maximum overlaps calculated for various lag. In most of the industrial system, the aim of the factory is to ensure that operation is run fluidly and without any abrupt interruption. Most modern industries use latest technology to ensure that the work is done correctly and effectively. The latest technologies consist of using sensors to gather information. Sensors are used to communicate the physical and environmental conditions under which the plant is running [8]. Different sensors are installed at various places in the factory to capture the information required. Under normal conditions, the plant shall operate smoothly. On the other hand, when a sensor captures a change in any one of the variables, operators are notified trough an alarm system. An activated alarm system indicates an abnormality in the plant processing [8]. In order to minimize the risk of injury or even death of people inside the plant, the fault should be identified rapidly and remedy actions shall be taken as soon as possible. Using sensors to gather information of the different variable, the running conditions of the factory are monitored thoroughly minimizing the risk that an abnormal behavior goes undetected. In contrast, with small changes in variables being monitored, sensors are prone to capture unimportant events. The slight changes in variables activate the alarm unnecessarily; this is known as nuisance alarm. Nuisance alarm conveys false impression of the true nature of the problem [8]. False alarm contributes to a more stressful working environment thus reducing the performance of operator to response to true alarm. In 1994, 11 minutes prior to explosion in the Texaco Milford Haven Refinery the two operators present at that time had to distinguish, acknowledge and act on 275 alarms [9]. We can conclude that for the proper operation of a factory, it is important to manage the alarm system effectively. There are different approaches to detect faults. Fault detection can be globally classified into two groups, namely model-based and signal processing based. Model based fault detection is more present in areas such as control theory and engineering [10]. Since it is very ambitious to reach precisely a mathematical model in practical situation, the use of model-based scheme is limited. Moreover, it is a tedious task and it is not always sure that the mode will be accurate enough to reflect the practical situation. The most popular fault detection system used nowadays in factories is simple limit checking of a directly measured variable [10]. This system is easy and simple to implement. In spite of its simplicity, the threshold level should be selected properly which directly affects the number of false and missed alarm. A false alarm is one that is raise without the presence of any abnormality in the process [8]. Missed alarm is an alarm that is not raised in the presence of fault [8]. When a wrong threshold level is chosen in the simple limit checking method, it results in greater number of false and missed alarm. When a fault occurs, the alarm systems may not be activated instantaneously. This occurs due to different delays of the system. There are different reasons causing this delay to a system. The different types of delay are network delay, bad implementation delay, sensor failure and data loss delay among others [8]. Moreover, the way the parameters of the alarm system are set can cause also rise the delay time of the system to response to a change in variables. To construct a trustworthy and effective alarm system three performance specifications should be taken into consideration namely false alarm rate, missed alarm rate and detection delay. 1.6 Summary From the information gathered so far, we can deduce that there is a need to research on new types of effective fire alarm system. Since the actual fire alarm systems are not effective as they shall be, an intelligent and practical system will be developed to serve for this purpose. The developed system will be controlled by a Matrix Automotive Multimedia Controller. The proposed system shall successfully deal with fire outbreak and also regulate the temperature of the room.